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In eukaryotischen Zellen werden von der RNA-Polymerase erzeugte Transkripte modifiziert und verarbeitet, bevor sie den Zellkern verlassen. Unverarbeit…
In eukaryotischen Zellen wird die neu transkribierte mRNA als Vorläufer-mRNA oder Prä-mRNA bezeichnet. Jede Prä-mRNA erhält zwei wichtige Modifikationen. Eine am fünfprimigen Ende des Moleküls, die sogenannte Kappe, und eine weitere am dreiprimen Ende des Moleküls, die als Schwanz bezeichnet wird.
Die Fünf-Prime-Kappe besteht aus einem einzelnen 7-Methylguanosin, einem modifizierten Guanin-Nukleotid, das durch eine Triphosphatbindung an das erste Nukleotid der prä-mRNA gebunden ist.
Ein spezifischer Satz von Nukleotiden in Richtung des drei-prime-Endes des prä-mRNA-Transkripts, normalerweise A, A, U, A, A, A, A, A, wird als Polyadenylierungssignal bezeichnet. Es rekrutiert die Verarbeitungsmaschine mit drei Primzahlen und weist eine Endoribonuklease an, das Transkript an der Spaltstelle mit drei Primzahlen zu schneiden.
Ein anderes Enzym, die Polyadenylat-Polymerase oder PAP, fügt dann eine lange Kette von Adenin-Nukleotiden, bis zu 200, an das drei-Primzahl-Ende des Transkripts hinzu.
Die Fünf-Prime-Kappe und der Drei-Prime-Poly-A-Schwanz schützen die Enden des Transkripts vor dem Abbau durch Exonukleasen. Der Drei-Prime-Schwanz signalisiert den Transportmolekülen auch, dass das mRNA-Transkript bereit ist, den Zellkern zu verlassen. Außerhalb des Zellkerns hilft die Fünf-Prime-Kappe dem Ribosom, sich an das Transkript zu binden, damit es mit der Translation beginnen kann.
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Q1: What is the 5' cap and why is it added to pre-mRNA?
The 5' cap is a 7-methylguanosine, a modified guanine nucleotide attached to the first nucleotide of pre-mRNA via a triphosphate linkage. It protects the transcript from degradation by exonucleases and helps the ribosome attach during translation. The cap also helps cells distinguish mRNA from other RNA types.
Q2: How does the poly-A tail protect mRNA and signal its readiness for translation?
Polyadenylate polymerase adds approximately 200 adenine nucleotides to the 3' end of pre-mRNA, forming the poly-A tail. This tail protects mRNA from degradation by exonucleases in the cytoplasm and signals to transport molecules that the transcript is ready to exit the nucleus for translation.
Q3: What is a polyadenylation signal and how does it direct 3' end processing?
A polyadenylation signal is a specific sequence of nucleotides, typically A, A, U, A, A, A, located toward the 3' end of pre-mRNA. It recruits the 3' end processing machinery and directs an endoribonuclease to cut the transcript at the 3' cleavage site, allowing polyadenylate polymerase to add the poly-A tail.
Q4: What is the difference between exons and introns in pre-mRNA?
Exons are RNA sequences that remain in the mature transcript and are expressed as proteins. Introns are portions removed during splicing by the spliceosome. Interestingly, a single RNA segment can function as an exon in one cell type and an intron in another, enabling alternative rna splicing to produce multiple proteins from one gene.
Q5: When does the 5' cap get added during transcription?
The 5' cap is added early during transcription, once approximately 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase. A group of enzymes replaces the 5' phosphate with modified 7-methyl guanosine, which helps the cell recognize mRNA and prepares it for subsequent translation.
Q6: How do the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail work together to protect mRNA?
Both the 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail protect mRNA ends from degradation by exonucleases. The 5' cap marks the transcript as mRNA and facilitates ribosome binding, while the 3' tail signals nuclear export and protects the transcript in the cytoplasm, ensuring the mRNA remains stable for translation.
Q7: What happens to pre-mRNA after the 5' cap and poly-A tail are added?
After both modifications are complete, the mature mRNA exits the nucleus for translation. The 5' cap and 3' poly-A tail signal to transport molecules that the transcript is ready to leave the nucleus. Outside the nucleus, the 5' cap helps the ribosome attach to initiate protein synthesis.