22.4
Die Erde ist ein guter Leiter für Elektrizität und sie ist so groß, dass sie als unendliche Quelle oder Senke von Ladungen betrachtet werden kann. Sie…
Reibe einen Plastikstab gegen das Fell, um es negativ aufzuladen.
Nehmen Sie eine leitende Metallkugel, die von einem isolierenden Kunststoffständer getragen wird.
Wenn der geladene Stab in die Nähe der neutralen Kugel gebracht wird, werden freie Elektronen im Inneren der Kugel von ihr abgestoßen.
Je mehr freie Elektronen versuchen, sich zu bewegen, desto mehr werden sie auch von den bereits bewegten Elektronen abgestoßen. Die Elektronen verteilen sich so, dass auf keinem freien Elektron eine Nettokraft lastet.
Am hinteren Ende des Leiters haben sich mehr freie Elektronen angesammelt, so dass das nähere Ende eine positive Nettoladung trägt. Die beiden Pole sind entgegengesetzt geladen oder polarisiert. Eine solche Ladungsverteilung wird als Dipol bezeichnet.
Ist die Kugel über einen weiteren metallischen Draht mit der Erde verbunden, wandern die freien Elektronen zur Erde. Wenn der Draht entfernt wird, trägt die Kugel eine positive Nettoladung. Dieser Vorgang wird als Induktion bezeichnet.
Der negativ geladene Kunststoffstab verliert oder gewinnt keine Ladung. Bei der Induktion kommt es zu einem Ladungsaustausch zwischen dem Leiter und der Erde.
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Core videos
Q1: What happens to free electrons when a charged rod approaches a neutral conductor?
Free electrons inside the conductor are repelled away from the charged rod. As more electrons move, they repel others already displaced, creating a distribution where no electron experiences net force. This redistribution leaves the end closer to the rod positively charged and the far end negatively charged, establishing an electric dipole.
Q2: How does grounding enable a conductor to become permanently charged by induction?
When a polarized conductor is grounded via a metallic wire, free electrons flow to or from Earth, which acts as an infinite source or sink of charge. After removing the wire, the conductor retains a net charge opposite to the inducing charge. This permanent charge transfer distinguishes induction from temporary polarization.
Q3: Why is the charge distribution on an induced conductor called a dipole?
A dipole consists of two oppositely charged poles. During induction, the conductor develops a positive charge at one end and negative charge at the other, creating this two-pole configuration. Although the conductor has no net charge initially, the spatial separation of opposite charges defines the dipole structure.
Q4: What role does Earth play in the induction charging process?
Earth is a good conductor and effectively an infinite source or sink of charges due to its size. When a conductor is grounded, Earth exchanges charges with it, allowing excess electrons to flow away or additional electrons to arrive. This charge exchange is essential for converting temporary polarization into permanent net charge on the conductor.
Q5: Does the inducing charged object lose charge during the induction process?
No, the inducing charged object does not lose or gain any charge during induction. The negatively charged rod, for example, remains negatively charged throughout. Induction involves only charge redistribution within the conductor and charge exchange between the conductor and Earth, not transfer from the inducing object.
Q6: How does polarization differ from permanent charging in conductors?
Polarization occurs when a charged object redistributes free electrons in a nearby conductor without grounding, creating temporary opposite charges at each end. Permanent charging requires grounding, which allows charge to flow to or from Earth. Once the inducing object is removed, polarization disappears, but permanent charge remains on the grounded conductor.
Q7: Why do free electrons in a conductor reach an equilibrium distribution during induction?
Free electrons move until they reach a configuration where no electron experiences net attractive or repulsive force. Initially, electrons are attracted toward the positive inducing object, but as they accumulate, they repel incoming electrons. Equilibrium is reached when these opposing forces balance, stabilizing the charge distribution across the conductor.