31.2
Selbstinduktion
Gegenseitige Induktion tritt auf, wenn ein Stromkreis ein sich änderndes magnetisches Feld erzeugt, das eine elektromotorische Kraft (EMK) in einem an…
Current flowing in any isolated circuit produces a magnetic field in the circuit. On changing the current, the magnetic flux also changes, inducing an emf.
This emf is called self-induced emf, and the phenomenon is self-inductance.
According to Lenz's law, the self-induced emf opposes any change in the current flowing through the circuit.
Using Faraday's law, the self-induced emf in the circuit can be expressed in terms of magnetic flux.
Also, the magnetic flux in the circuit is proportional to the current flowing through it, and the proportionality constant is known as the self-inductance of the corresponding circuit.
The self-inductance is purely a geometric factor that needs to be calculated separately for all the geometries of the conductor.
Using Faraday's law and the definition of self-inductance, the induced emf can be expressed in terms of self-inductance.
For a straight current-carrying conductor, Ampère's law gives the magnetic field inside the conductor. The magnetic flux is calculated upon integrating the magnetic field over the cross-sectional area. Thus, the self-inductance of the straight current-carrying conductor can be estimated.
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Core videos
Q1: What is self-inductance and how does it differ from mutual inductance?
Self-inductance occurs when a changing current in a circuit creates a changing magnetic flux, inducing an emf in the same circuit. Mutual inductance, by contrast, arises when current in one circuit produces a changing magnetic field that induces an emf in a separate circuit. Both phenomena follow Faraday's law and are measured in henries.
Q2: Why does self-induced emf oppose changes in current?
According to Lenz's law, the self-induced emf opposes any change in the current flowing through the circuit. This opposition arises because the induced emf creates a magnetic field that resists the change in magnetic flux caused by the changing current, maintaining the circuit's electromagnetic stability.
Q3: How is self-inductance related to the magnetic flux in a circuit?
The magnetic flux in a circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through it. The proportionality constant between flux and current is the self-inductance of the circuit. Using Faraday's law, the induced emf can be expressed as the negative time derivative of magnetic flux, which equals the self-inductance multiplied by the rate of change of current.
Q4: What types of conductors exhibit self-inductance?
Any configuration of conductors possesses self-inductance, including wire loops, long straight wires, and coaxial cables. Coaxial cables, commonly used in cable television and modems, contain two cylindrical conductors with self-inductance that can produce undesirable effects on signal transmission despite their ability to transmit electrical signals with minimal distortions.
Q5: How does the number of turns affect self-inductance in a coil?
When a current-carrying wire is formed into N turns, the self-inductance increases proportionally. Self-inductance is expressed as the ratio of N times the magnetic flux through each turn to the current passing through the loop, meaning inductance scales with the square of the number of turns in practical coil designs.
Q6: Why is self-inductance considered a geometric factor?
Self-inductance depends purely on the physical geometry and configuration of the conductor, not on the current or voltage applied. Using Ampère's law and Faraday's law, the self-inductance must be calculated separately for each conductor geometry. For a straight current-carrying conductor, the magnetic field is determined by geometry, and integrating this field over the cross-sectional area yields the self-inductance value.
Q7: How does self-inductance affect current behavior in AC circuits?
In AC circuits, current varies with time, causing the magnetic flux through the circuit to change correspondingly. This changing flux induces an emf that opposes the current variation. Understanding self-inductance is essential for analyzing current growth and decay in RL circuits and predicting how inductors respond to time-varying signals.