12.9
BJT-Verstärker
Bipolartransistoren (BJTs) sind zentrale Komponenten in Verstärkerschaltungen und fungieren in ihrem aktiven Bereich als spannungsgesteuerte Stromquel…
Im aktiven Bereich eines gemeinsamen Emitters NPN BJT ist der Emitterstrom die Summe aus dem Basisstrom und dem Kollektorstrom. Hier steuert die Basisspannung den Kollektorstrom im BJT.
Die Ausgangsspannung am Kollektor wird abgeleitet, indem der Spannungsabfall über den Lastwiderstand von der Versorgungsspannung subtrahiert wird, wodurch ein invertierter Ausgang relativ zur Versorgungsspannung erzeugt wird.
Das Verhältnis zwischen Kollektorspannung und Basisspannung ergibt die Spannungsübertragungskennlinie des gemeinsamen Emitter-Verstärkers BJT.
Es hebt den aktiven Bereich des Verstärkers hervor, der durch eine steile Steigung für maximale Verstärkung, aber eine nichtlineare Ausgangsspannung gekennzeichnet ist.
Durch das Anlegen einer Gleichspannungsvorspannung des Basisemitters am Ruhepunkt innerhalb des aktiven Bereichs erreicht das BJT in der Regel eine nahezu lineare Verstärkung.
Wenn ein kleines, zeitlich veränderliches Signal an den Verstärker angelegt wird, wird es mit der DC-Vorspannung um den Ruhepunkt überlagert.
Der BJT arbeitet also innerhalb eines kurzen, nahezu linearen Segments der Kennlinie, was zu einer verstärkten Ausgangskollektorspannung führt.
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Core videos
Q1: How does a BJT control collector current in the active region?
In the active region, the base voltage controls the collector current of a bipolar junction transistor. The emitter current equals the sum of base current and collector current. This voltage-controlled current behavior allows the BJT to function as an efficient amplifier, converting weak input signals into stronger output signals through transconductance conversion into voltage amplification.
Q2: Why is the output voltage inverted in a common-emitter BJT amplifier?
The output voltage is inverted because it is derived by subtracting the voltage drop across the load resistance from the supply voltage. This inversion is a hallmark characteristic of common-emitter amplifiers. The inverted output voltage is essentially the input voltage shifted by the supply voltage, producing the opposite polarity relative to the input signal.
Q3: What does the voltage-transfer characteristic curve reveal about BJT amplifier performance?
The voltage-transfer characteristic curve shows how output collector voltage varies with input base voltage changes. The curve's steep slope in the active region indicates maximum gain, but this region also introduces nonlinearity to the output voltage. Understanding this curve helps engineers identify optimal operating points for amplification.
Q4: How does DC bias at the quiescent point enable linear amplification?
A base-emitter DC voltage bias is set at the quiescent point within the active region to establish stable, linear amplification. When a small, time-varying signal is applied on top of this DC bias, the BJT operates within a short, nearly linear segment of the characteristic curve, resulting in amplified output collector voltage with minimal distortion.
Q5: What is the relationship between load resistance and output voltage in BJT amplifiers?
The output voltage is determined by channeling the output current through a load resistor. The voltage drop across this load resistor is subtracted from the supply voltage to produce the final output. This relationship demonstrates how transconductance is converted into voltage amplification, making the load resistance critical for controlling gain.
Q6: How does a small time-varying signal achieve amplification around the quiescent point?
A small, time-varying signal is superimposed on the DC bias voltage at the quiescent point. The BJT then operates within a short, nearly linear segment of the characteristic curve, where the steep slope provides maximum gain. This configuration ensures the amplified output collector voltage maintains signal integrity while achieving significant amplification.
Q7: Why is the active region preferred for BJT amplifier operation?
The active region is preferred because it provides a steep slope on the voltage-transfer characteristic curve, enabling maximum gain. Although this region introduces some nonlinearity, proper DC biasing at the quiescent point allows the BJT to operate within a nearly linear segment, achieving stable amplification with minimal signal distortion.