22.8
Atherosklerose III: Behandlung
Um der multifaktoriellen Natur der Erkrankung gerecht zu werden, besteht die Behandlung der Atherosklerose aus einer integrierten Strategie, die sich…
Die vielschichtige Behandlung von Atherosklerose umfasst Folgendes.
Pharmakologisch werden Patienten häufig Statine wie Atorvastatin verschrieben, um die Cholesterinsynthese in der Leber zu hemmen.
ACE-Hemmer wie Lisinopril kontrollieren den Bluthochdruck und Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer wie Aspirin minimieren das Risiko der Gerinnselbildung.
Zu den chirurgischen Eingriffen gehört die perkutane transluminale Angioplastie, bei der ein Katheter mit Ballonspitze in eine verengte Arterie eingeführt wird, der Ballon gegen die Arterienwand aufgeblasen wird, um die Plaque zu komprimieren und das Gefäß zu erweitern, und dann Stents platziert werden, um die Durchgängigkeit des Gefäßes aufrechtzuerhalten.
Ein weiteres Verfahren, die Endarteriektomie, beinhaltet die mechanische Entfernung von Plaque, um verschlossene Gefäße zu reinigen.
Darüber hinaus betonen Änderungen des Lebensstils mindestens 75 Minuten intensives Training wie Joggen oder 150 Minuten moderate Bewegung wie zügiges Gehen pro Woche, abgestimmt auf die individuelle Toleranz, um das Gewicht zu reduzieren und den systolischen Blutdruck zu senken.
Das Ernährungsmanagement legt den Schwerpunkt auf die Reduzierung von gesättigten Fetten, die Erhöhung des Verzehrs von Obst, Gemüse, Vollkornprodukten und Omega-3-Fettsäuren sowie die Begrenzung von Natrium, Einfachzucker und Alkohol.
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Q1: What medications are commonly prescribed to manage atherosclerosis?
Statins like atorvastatin inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver, reducing LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular risk. ACE inhibitors such as lisinopril control hypertension and prevent heart failure. Antiplatelet agents like aspirin decrease platelet aggregation, lowering thrombus formation risk. Newer agents like PCSK9 inhibitors and ezetimibe serve as add-on therapies for high-risk patients or statin-intolerant individuals.
Q2: How does percutaneous transluminal angioplasty treat narrowed arteries?
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty involves inserting a balloon-tipped catheter into a narrowed artery. The balloon inflates against the artery wall, compressing plaque and dilating the vessel. A stent, typically a mesh-like tube, is then deployed to support the arterial wall and maintain vessel patency, preventing re-narrowing.
Q3: What is endarterectomy and when is it used?
Endarterectomy involves the physical excision of atherosclerotic plaque and portions of the inner arterial layers, including the intima and media. This procedure is primarily used in arteries like the carotid where significant stenosis can be life-threatening and pharmacological therapy is insufficient or rapid intervention is necessary.
Q4: What exercise recommendations help manage atherosclerosis?
Guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes weekly of moderate-intensity aerobic activity like brisk walking, or 75 minutes of vigorous activities such as jogging, supplemented by muscle-strengthening exercises twice weekly. Regular physical activity reduces body weight, lowers systolic blood pressure, and increases HDL cholesterol levels.
Q5: How does diet help control atherosclerosis progression?
A heart-healthy diet reduces saturated fats while increasing whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins. Dietary fiber lowers LDL cholesterol, while omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish lower triglycerides and reduce cardiovascular risk. Purified EPA, in the form of icosapent ethyl, has shown significant benefits in reducing cardiovascular events in high-risk patients.
Q6: Why is smoking cessation critical in atherosclerosis management?
Smoking is one of the most modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease and significantly accelerates atherosclerosis progression. Smoking cessation is essential for controlling disease and reducing cardiovascular events. Patients should receive counseling on quitting strategies and referrals to cessation programs or pharmacotherapy as needed.
Q7: What dietary nutrients are most important for managing atherosclerosis?
Dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids are key nutrients. Fiber lowers LDL cholesterol, while omega-3 fatty acids from fatty fish like salmon and mackerel reduce triglycerides. Patients should also limit sodium, simple sugars, and alcohol, particularly when triglyceride levels are elevated, to support overall cardiovascular health.