Ascites

In cirrhosis, excess nitric oxide and other vasodilators cause splanchnic arteries to dilate, pooling blood in the splanchnic region. This lowers effective circulating blood volume despite increased total body fluid. The body responds by activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone, promoting sodium and water retention. Plasma volume expansion raises sinusoidal pressure in the liver, forcing lymph to leak into the peritoneal cavity as ascitic fluid.

As ascitic fluid accumulates, adequate circulating volume continues to fall, triggering the underfill stage. This activates even stronger fluid retention mechanisms through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone. The body attempts to restore arterial filling by retaining more sodium and water, but continued splanchnic vasodilation prevents proper redistribution, creating a cycle that drives ongoing peritoneal fluid accumulation.

Increased pressure inside the liver from portal hypertension leads to elevated lymph formation. When hepatic lymphatics cannot clear this excess lymph load, fluid leaks into the peritoneal space, becoming ascitic fluid. This fluid shift occurs when fluid moves out of the vascular system faster than peritoneal lymphatics can remove it, disrupting the normal balance between vascular and lymphatic systems.

Ascites can develop from heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, abdominal cancers, nephrotic syndrome, and severe protein-calorie malnutrition. These disorders disrupt the normal balance of vascular and lymphatic systems, making fluid accumulation more likely. Systemic inflammation, intestinal changes, malignancy, and cardiac or renal dysfunction can further worsen ascites formation and progression.

Excess nitric oxide and other vasodilators widen splanchnic arteries, causing blood to pool in the splanchnic region. This dilation reduces effective circulating blood volume even though total body fluid volume increases. The body senses this inadequate arterial filling and activates compensatory mechanisms that promote sodium and water retention, ultimately leading to plasma volume expansion and increased sinusoidal pressure.

When splanchnic vasodilation lowers effective circulating blood volume, the body activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and antidiuretic hormone to restore arterial filling. These hormonal responses promote sodium and water retention as a compensatory mechanism. However, because continued vasodilation prevents proper blood redistribution, retained fluid accumulates in the peritoneal cavity rather than restoring normal circulation.

Normally, peritoneal lymphatics efficiently remove fluid from the peritoneal cavity, maintaining balance between vascular and lymphatic systems. In ascites, fluid moves out of the vascular system faster than lymphatics can remove it, causing pathological accumulation. This occurs when increased sinusoidal pressure forces excessive lymph formation, overwhelming the lymphatic drainage capacity and allowing fluid to pool abnormally in the peritoneal space.