Cladogram Construction
Cladogram Construction - Related Videos
13:43
Fabrication of Myogenic Engineered Tissue Constructs
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Cited by 11 •
2009
Here, we demonstrate fabrication of collagen-based, tissue constructs containing skeletal myoblasts. These 3-D engineered constructs may be used to replace or repair tissues in vivo. For our purposes, we have designed these as an atrioventricular electrical conduit for the repair of complete heart block[1].
13:48
Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility
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Cited by 6 •
2014
This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.
10:08
Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests
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Cited by 4 •
2017
This paper describes the assembly process and operation of a bench-scale photosynthetic bioreactor that can be used, in conjunction with other methods, to estimate pertinent kinetic growth parameters. This system continuously monitors the pH, light, and temperature using sensors, a data acquisition and control unit, and open-source data acquisition software.
01:24
Bode Plots Construction
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2024
The Bode plot is an essential tool in control system analysis, mapping the frequency response of a system through a magnitude plot and a phase plot, both against a logarithmic frequency axis. To construct a Bode plot, consider the transfer function H(ω): It has constant gain, zeros, and poles. After normalizing the transfer function is written as: Each term in this normalized function affects the Bode plot distinctly. The term 10jω has a constant gain of 10 and zero at origin jω. Each simple...
08:23
Assessing Burrowing, Nest Construction, and Hoarding in Mice
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Cited by 206 •
2012
Burrowing, nesting, and hoarding are species-typical activities that mice readily perform in the laboratory. This article describes how they can be easily and cheaply assessed. These protocols are extremely sensitive to mouse strain, brain lesions and diseases. Moreover they constitute “environmental enrichment” for the mice, and embody the “Refinement” aspect of the “3 Rs”18.
FAQs
Shared derived characters, also called evolutionary novelties, help separate informative similarities from traits that may reflect older ancestry. During construction, researchers look for characters present in some taxa but absent in others and use the pattern to place taxa into nested branches. This makes the arrangement evidence-based, with each grouping supported by a proposed character change rather than overall resemblance alone.
An outgroup provides a reference for interpreting character states within the focal group. When a feature occurs in the outgroup and in members of the focal group, it can be treated as ancestral for comparison; a feature restricted to part of the focal group may then be recognized as a derived novelty. This distinction helps determine which similarities should support a branch.
A cladogram should be read as a pattern of proposed common ancestry and character distribution, not as a record of elapsed time. Its branches show how taxa are grouped into nested relationships, but the diagram alone does not specify when divergences occurred or how long evolutionary change took. This distinction prevents readers from treating branching order as a chronological record.
Researchers first select the taxa and evidence to compare, using observable traits, molecular data, or both. They then identify shared derived characters and use an outgroup to distinguish ancestral features from evolutionary novelties. Finally, taxa are arranged into nested branches according to their informative similarities. The completed diagram is interpreted as a testable hypothesis about common ancestry.
Observable traits and molecular data provide different forms of evidence for comparing taxa. Researchers can examine either source to identify shared similarities and determine which characters are informative for grouping organisms. The evidence type may change the comparisons used in construction, but the interpretive goal remains the same: developing a testable hypothesis about relationships and common ancestry.
In biology, cladograms support classification and comparative studies by showing how taxa are grouped through informative similarities. They also help researchers and students interpret how traits may have evolved across proposed lineages. Because a cladogram represents a testable hypothesis rather than a direct record of history, its proposed relationships can be evaluated against the available observable or molecular evidence.