Tumor Stage Assessment
Tumor Stage Assessment - Related Videos
04:13
A Technique to Assess the In Vivo Localization of Tumor-Specific Antibodies
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2025
This video demonstrates a technique to study the in vivo localization of tumor-specific antibodies in a mouse tumor xenograft model. Upon subcutaneously injecting cancer cells into mice for tumor formation, fluorescently-labeled antibodies are injected that bind to tumor-specific receptors, enabling in vivo assessment of antibody localization via imaging.
02:08
Bioluminescence Imaging to Assess Tumor Growth in an Organotypic Mouse Brain Slice
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2025
Source: Ciraku, L., et. al. An Ex Vivo Brain Slice Model to Study and Target Breast Cancer Brain Metastatic Tumor Growth. J. Vis. Exp. (2021).This video demonstrates the imaging of luciferase-expressing tumor cells in an organotypic mouse brain slice. Luciferin is added to the medium, and the plate is placed inside the chamber of the in vivo imaging system. Parameters for image capture are adjusted, and the tumor's shape and size are defined. The bioluminescent signals emitted by the tumor...
04:11
DCE-MRI of Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Xenografts: A Method to Assess Microvasculature in a Target Tumor Tissue
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2023
This video describes the technique of DCE-MRI for orthotropic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy. This method will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.
03:13
An In Vitro Assay to Assess CAR T Cell Cytotoxicity against Tumor Spheroids
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2025
This video demonstrates an in vitro assay evaluating the cytotoxic effects of CAR T cells on 3D tumor spheroids expressing fluorescent proteins. This assessment utilizes the Annexin V red fluorescent probe, which binds to exposed phosphatidylserine residues on the outer leaflet of apoptotic cancer cells after interactions with CAR T cells. The red fluorescence emitted by the probe aids in distinguishing these cells from healthy ones emitting green fluorescence.
07:36
Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice
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2021
Here, we present a tumor transplantation protocol for the characterization of tumor-inherent and periphery-derived tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes in a mouse tumor model. Specific tracing of the influx of recipient-derived immune cells with flow cytometry reveals the dynamics of the phenotypic and functional changes of these cells during antitumor immune responses.
FAQs
The TNM framework records three distinct features: the primary tumor’s size or local invasion, regional lymph-node involvement, and distant metastasis. These components preserve clinically important details before they are combined into broader stage groups. Separating local, regional, and distant disease helps clinicians and researchers describe cancer extent consistently and relate specific findings to prognosis and treatment planning.
Each source contributes different evidence about disease extent. Physical examination can identify relevant clinical findings, imaging evaluates areas that cannot be directly assessed, pathology characterizes sampled tissue, and surgical findings may reveal the tumor or nearby structures more directly. Combining these observations supports a more complete assessment than relying on one modality alone.
Stage groups organize detailed TNM findings into broader categories that represent overall disease extent, from localized tumors to advanced cancer. This summary makes staging information easier to use in prognosis and treatment discussions. It also provides a common framework for comparing patients or groups whose individual tumor, node, and metastasis findings may differ in detail.
The process begins by collecting relevant clinical information through examination and available diagnostic studies. Imaging, pathology, and surgical findings are then considered to characterize the primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, and possible distant spread. Those findings are recorded within the TNM framework and may be summarized as a stage group for treatment planning or research analysis.
Assessment results help indicate whether disease is localized, regionally involved, or advanced, which supports selection among surgery, radiation, systemic therapy, and clinical-trial options. Stage information can also guide patient selection when a treatment is intended for a particular extent of disease. In this way, staging connects diagnostic findings with individualized planning.
Stage-specific analysis allows investigators to compare treatment outcomes among patients with similar disease extent rather than combining biologically and clinically different groups. A shared staging framework also supports evaluation of prognosis and treatment effects across clinical studies. By linking outcomes to stage, researchers can interpret results more clearly and assess whether findings apply to particular patient populations.