Ocular Disease Biomarkers
Ocular Disease Biomarkers - Related Videos
05:37
Intravitreous Injection for Establishing Ocular Diseases Model
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Cited by 36 •
2007
Intravitreous injection is a widely used technique in visual sciences research for ocular diseases or as direct application of local treatment. This video demonstrated a protocol for intravitreous injection using a 1ml syringe with glass pipette. Useful tips about avoiding massive bleeding and lens damage are given.
09:00
High Throughput Sequential ELISA for Validation of Biomarkers of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
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Cited by 14 •
2012
High throughput validation of multiple candidate biomarkers can be performed by sequential ELISA in order to minimize freeze/thaw cycles and use of precious plasma samples. Here, we demonstrate how to sequentially perform ELISAs for six different validated plasma biomarkers1-3 of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)4 on the same plasma sample.
03:06
A Method to Induce Ocular Surface Inflammation in a Murine Model
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2025
This video demonstrates a method to induce ocular surface inflammation and meibomian gland dysfunction in a murine model. Stimulation of the mouse's immune system using an immunogen and later restimulation with the same immunogen promotes ocular surface inflammation, which causes plugging of meibomian gland secretion through neutrophil-produced aggNETs and leads to dry eye disease.
06:34
Laser-Induced Chronic Ocular Hypertension Model on SD Rats
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Cited by 26 •
2007
Glaucoma is one of the major causes of blindness in the world. Elevated intraocular pressure is a major risk factor. Laser photocoagulation induced ocular hypertension is one of the well established animal models. This video demonstrates how to induce ocular hypertension by Argon laser photocoagulation in rat.
06:09
Breath Collection from Children for Disease Biomarker Discovery
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Cited by 11 •
2019
This protocol describes a simple method for the acquisition of breath samples from children. Briefly, samples of mixed air are pre-concentrated in sorbent tubes prior to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Breath biomarkers of infectious and non-infectious diseases can be identified using this breath collection method.
FAQs
Specimen location helps determine what a signal represents. Measurements from tears, aqueous humor, or vitreous fluid can reflect processes closer to the eye, whereas blood may provide information about broader systemic immune activity. Comparing these sources can help researchers distinguish local ocular inflammation from signals associated with the wider immune response and choose sampling strategies that match the research question.
Different biomarker classes answer different biological questions. Inflammatory cytokines and immune cells can indicate activation of host defenses, antibodies can reveal an immune response, and microbial nucleic acids can provide evidence related to pathogen presence. Using these categories together links immune activity with infection-related signals, helping investigators examine whether disease findings are more consistent with inflammation, infection, or both.
Combining several biomarker types can provide a more informative profile than examining one signal alone. Cytokines, antibodies, immune cells, and microbial nucleic acids represent different aspects of ocular disease biology, including host activation and pathogen-associated evidence. This integrated approach may support disease classification, clarify mechanisms, and help identify treatment strategies that are more specifically matched to the observed biology.
Interpretation depends strongly on where the sample originates and how closely it reflects the affected tissue. Tears offer an accessible fluid, while aqueous humor and vitreous fluid can provide ocular samples; blood may be easier to obtain but can reflect systemic as well as eye-related activity. These differences matter when assessing reliability and deciding whether less invasive sampling can answer a specific question.
Researchers may profile tears, aqueous humor, vitreous fluid, or blood, depending on the biological question and the need to assess local or broader immune activity. The selected specimen is then examined for relevant molecules, cells, or physiological signals, such as cytokines, antibodies, immune cells, or microbial nucleic acids. Specimen choice shapes the interpretation of the resulting profile.
Repeatedly assessing biomarker patterns can help indicate whether disease activity is changing and whether treatment is producing a measurable response. In immunology and infection research, shifts in inflammatory cytokines, immune-cell signals, antibodies, or microbial nucleic acids may provide context for clinical findings. This monitoring role supports prognosis and treatment decisions rather than limiting biomarkers to initial diagnosis.
In infectious eye disease research, microbial nucleic acids can provide pathogen-related evidence, while cytokines, antibodies, and immune cells show how the host responds. Examining these signals together can connect pathogen presence with local immune activation and help clarify disease mechanisms. That information supports disease classification, prognosis, and development of more targeted therapeutic approaches.