In Vivo Examination
In Vivo Examination - Related Videos
05:00
Ex Vivo Culture of Patient Tissue & Examination of Gene Delivery
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Cited by 4 •
2010
This article describes the culture of patient tissue slices for gene delivery studies and subsequent analysis of gene expression using IVIS bioluminescence imaging.
07:44
Ophthalmoscopic Examination
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2023
Source: Richard Glickman-Simon, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA The simplest ophthalmoscopes consist of an aperture to look through, a diopter indicator, and a disc for selecting lenses. The ophthalmoscope is primarily used to examine the fundus, or the inner wall of the posterior eye, which consists of the choroid, retina, fovea, macula, optic disc, and retinal vessels (Figure 1). The spherical eyeball...
35:03
Mental Status Examination
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2023
Source: Carmen Black, Matthew Goldenberg, and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The mental status exam is a clinical evaluation of emotional, perceptual, and cognitive functioning that spans both the fields of psychiatry and neurology. Developing skill in the psychiatric portions of the examination are important to describe salient aspects of the patient's mental state that may be observed during routine history and/or physical exam. Proficiency in the cognitive portions of this...
20:06
The Comprehensive Infant Examination
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2023
Source: Heather Collette and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The newborn exam is important in establishing a baby's baseline health status as they enter the world. Newborn providers have the unique opportunity to evaluate a patient for the very first time. They are also tasked with identifying congenital anomalies that require early intervention to promote a long and healthy life for the child. Many newborn anomalies, such as heart defects, are noted on prenatal ultrasound. However,...
09:16
Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System
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Cited by 36 •
2015
Ex vivo ERG can be used to record electrical activity of retinal cells directly from isolated intact retinas of animals or humans. We demonstrate here how common in vivo ERG systems can be adapted for ex vivo ERG recordings in order to dissect the electrical activity of retinal cells.
FAQs
Intact physiological conditions allow neural activity to be assessed while circuits respond to sensory inputs, hormonal signals, and interactions with other body systems. These influences can shape both the measured signal and the resulting behavior. Accounting for them helps researchers interpret circuit activity as part of an integrated nervous system rather than as an isolated cellular response.
In vivo examination preserves interactions that are absent or reduced when tissue is studied outside the organism, including links between neural circuits, behavior, sensory inputs, hormones, and other body systems. In vitro and ex vivo approaches can provide complementary evidence under more isolated conditions. Comparing findings across these settings helps connect cellular mechanisms with intact-system function.
Experimental conditions and animal welfare are central variables because changes in those factors can affect neural activity, behavior, and the interpretation of results. Researchers therefore need careful control of the conditions surrounding behavioral testing, recording, imaging, or stimulation. Consistent procedures improve reliability and make comparisons across experiments more meaningful.
Researchers can combine behavioral testing with electrophysiological recording, calcium or functional imaging, or targeted stimulation. This allows circuit activity to be examined while an organism performs or responds to a behavior. The combined measurements help relate cellular and circuit mechanisms to observable outcomes, providing a functional bridge between nervous-system activity and behavior.
A typical study establishes controlled experimental conditions, applies a selected measurement or stimulation approach, and records neural or behavioral outcomes in the living organism. Methods may include behavioral testing, electrophysiological recording, calcium or functional imaging, and targeted stimulation. Researchers then interpret the findings alongside welfare considerations and the physiological context in which the data were collected.
This approach is particularly useful when researchers need to determine how brain function changes during disease or after a treatment. Measurements made in the intact organism can connect altered neural activity with behavioral effects and interactions across body systems. Those links support assessment of functional consequences and can contribute to findings with greater clinical relevance.
Combining these measurements can show whether changes in cellular or circuit activity correspond to changes in behavior. Electrophysiological, imaging, or stimulation results provide different ways to examine neural function, while behavioral testing supplies an organism-level outcome. Interpreting them together can strengthen conclusions about circuit mechanisms without treating any single measurement as a complete account of brain function.