Repeated Measurements
Repeated Measurements - Related Videos
07:48
Within-subjects Repeated-measures Design
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2023
Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco—Monmouth University A within-subjects, or repeated-measures, design is an experimental design where all the participants receive every level of the treatment, i.e., every independent variable. For example, in a candy taste test, the researcher would want every participant to taste and rate each type of candy. This video demonstrates a within-subjects experiment (i.e., one where there is an independent variable with...
06:54
Performing Repeated Intraoperative Impedance Telemetry Measurements during Cochlear Implantation
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Cited by 2 •
2023
Here we present a protocol to conduct repeated impedance telemetry measurements during cochlear implantation (CI). They may allow conclusions on the electrode's and implant's function. Repeated impedance measurements enable objective feedback on whether the electrode is positioned inside the perilymph or outside the inner ear.
09:24
Repeated Measurement of Respiratory Muscle Activity and Ventilation in Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease
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Cited by 8 •
2017
This paper introduces a method for repeated measurements of ventilation and respiratory muscle activity in a freely behaving amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model throughout disease progression with whole-body plethysmography and electromyography via an implanted telemetry device.
10:07
Cystometric and External Urethral Sphincter Measurements in Awake Rats with Implanted Catheter and Electrodes Allowing for Repeated Measurements
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Cited by 10 •
2018
This protocol first describes the surgical procedure of the permanent implantation of a urinary bladder catheter combined with external urethral sphincter electrodes, and second, the measurement of the function of the urinary bladder and external urethral sphincter in implanted awake animals.
01:28
Infinitely Repeated Games
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2025
An infinitely repeated game is a scenario where players repeatedly engage in the same game without a predetermined end. This concept is crucial in understanding long-term interactions in various fields of the social sciences, including economics and international relations. Examples: Firms Setting Prices: Companies continuously adjust prices. Trade Negotiations: Countries consistently negotiate trade terms. Tit-for-Tat Strategy Cooperative Start: Players begin with a cooperative action,...
FAQs
Repeated measurements reveal whether differences between readings fluctuate unpredictably or recur in a consistent pattern. Random variation appears as trial-to-trial changes, while a repeated shift may indicate a consistent effect. This distinction is important because a representative mean can summarize variable readings, but the pattern across trials must still be examined when evaluating the reliability of a physical result.
The mean provides a single representative value from several readings of the same physical quantity. It makes the overall result easier to compare with a theoretical prediction than any one trial alone. However, the mean should be considered alongside the spread of the readings, because two data sets can share the same mean while differing substantially in precision.
The spread describes how closely the individual readings cluster around their representative value. A small spread indicates greater precision because the trials agree more closely, whereas a larger spread signals greater experimental variation. Using a measure of spread alongside the mean gives a more complete assessment of uncertainty than reporting the representative value alone.
An anomalous reading should first be recognized as a result that does not fit the pattern of the other trials. Its presence can signal experimental noise or a problem requiring attention, rather than automatically proving the reading is incorrect. Examining anomalies helps physicists judge whether the overall result is reliable and whether the measurement process needs further evaluation.
Measure the same physical quantity several times while keeping the experimental conditions consistent, then compare the readings for variation, calculate a representative mean, and estimate the spread. The results can next be checked for anomalous values and compared with the expected physical relationship or model. This sequence connects data collection with uncertainty assessment and interpretation.
Repeated measurements support investigations of motion, electrical properties, and physical laws. In these settings, they help determine whether observed values are stable, how much uncertainty accompanies them, and whether the observations agree with a theoretical model. Their broader value is methodological: repeated evidence supports more defensible conclusions than relying on a single observation.