Name: mendel’s pea plant inheritance ratios
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:18.443Z
Duration: 1 min 50 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.10

LS.10.c

Monohybrid Crosses

- [Instructor] Usando
la planta de guisante,

Gregor Mendel, inicialmente
realiz&#xF3; cruces monoh&#xED;bridos.

Experimentos de reproducci&#xF3;n
entre organismos

que var&#xED;an por una sola caracter&#xED;stica,

como el color de la vaina.

Por ejemplo, en la generaci&#xF3;n
parental original, P cero,

un padre tiene todas las vainas verdes.

Su genotipo es homocigoto

para el alelo de color verde de la vaina.

Representado por G&#xB4;s en may&#xFA;sculas.

El otro padre tiene
solamente vainas amarillas

y su homocigoto para el
alelo de color amarillo

indicado con g&#xB4;s en min&#xFA;sculas.

Tras el cruce de la primera descendencia,

la filial o la generaci&#xF3;n
F uno, aparecen id&#xE9;nticos

manifestando el mismo
fenotipo de vainas verdes.

Este resultado ilustra el
Principio de Uniformidad

e indica que el color verde
es la caracter&#xED;stica dominante

de los dos colores.

Ahora, cuando plantas
de la generaci&#xF3;n F uno

se auto-fertilizan, su descendencia,

plantas F dos, contienen
algunas vainas de color verde

y otras de color amarillo, en
una relaci&#xF3;n de tres a uno.

Lo que confirma que el color amarillo

es en efecto, la caracter&#xED;stica recesiva.

Una forma oculta heredada
de los padres iniciales.

Griffiths, Anthony J.F., Jeffrey H Miller, David T Suzuki, Richard C. Lewontin y William M. Gelbart. 2000. Introducción al Análisis Genético. Nueva York: W.H. Freeman. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22098/" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Miko, Ilona. 2008. "Cruces de prueba". Educación para la Naturaleza 1 (1): 136. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/test-crosses-585" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

cruces monohíbridos

<h4>Descripci&#xF3;n general</h4> En las d&#xE9;cadas de 1850 y 1860, Gregor Mendel investig&#xF3; la herencia realizando cruces monoh&#xED;bridos en plantas de guisantes. Cruz&#xF3; dos plantas que eran puras y ten&#xED;an diferentes rasgos. Bas&#xE1;ndose en sus observaciones, Mendel propuso que los organismos heredan dos copias de cada rasgo, una de cada padre, y que los rasgos dominantes pueden ocultar rasgos recesivos. Estos resultados formaron la base de dos principios fundamentales en gen&#xE9;tica: el Principio de Uniformidad y la Ley de Segregaci&#xF3;n. <h4>Los cruces monoh&#xED;bridos revelan rasgos dominantes y recesivos</h4> Durante ocho a&#xF1;os, entre las d&#xE9;cadas de 1850 y 1860, un monje austriaco llamado Gregor Mendel llev&#xF3; a cabo experimentos fundamentales de mejoramiento con plantas de guisantes. Estos experimentos demostraron los principios fundamentales de la herencia, lo que le vali&#xF3; el apodo de &#x22;el padre de la gen&#xE9;tica moderna&#x22;. Los experimentos de Mendel se centraron en siete caracter&#xED;sticas de las plantas de guisantes, cada una de las cuales se manifiesta como uno de dos rasgos determinados por un &#xFA;nico locus gen&#xE9;tico. Mendel not&#xF3; que, cuando algunas de sus plantas de guisantes se reproduc&#xED;an por autofecundaci&#xF3;n, su progenie siempre mostraba el mismo rasgo. En otras palabras, eran de pura raza. Por ejemplo, algunas plantas con vainas amarillas s&#xF3;lo produjeron descendencia con vainas amarillas. Cuando se cruzaron con otras plantas que se criaron con vainas amarillas, estas plantas tambi&#xE9;n produjeron solo descendencia con vainas amarillas. De manera similar, Mendel observ&#xF3; plantas de guisantes aut&#xE9;nticas que s&#xF3;lo produc&#xED;an descendencia con vainas verdes. En ese momento, se pensaba que los rasgos heredados eran una mezcla de rasgos de los padres. Mendel, en cambio, observ&#xF3; fenotipos discretos, como vainas verdes y amarillas. Propuso que, en lugar de que los rasgos se mezclen en la descendencia, los factores discretos (ahora conocidos como genes) se heredan de los padres y permanecen separados en la descendencia. En los casos en que un rasgo se salta una generaci&#xF3;n, Mendel propuso que el rasgo visible simplemente enmascara la presencia del otro rasgo heredado. En otras palabras, la herencia es particular y los rasgos dominantes ocultan rasgos recesivos. Para determinar qu&#xE9; rasgo era dominante, Mendel realiz&#xF3; cruces monoh&#xED;bridos. Los cruces monoh&#xED;bridos combinan dos organismos puros que se diferencian por un solo rasgo. Todos los descendientes de tales cruces son monoh&#xED;bridos o heterocigotos y muestran el rasgo dominante. Por ejemplo, Mendel cruz&#xF3; plantas de guisantes que se criaron con vainas amarillas con aquellas que se criaron con vainas verdes para determinar el color dominante de las vainas. Esta generaci&#xF3;n parental (P0) produjo descendencia, la primera generaci&#xF3;n filial (F1), que eran todos monoh&#xED;bridos con vainas verdes. La observaci&#xF3;n repetida de estos hallazgos estableci&#xF3; que las vainas verdes eran el rasgo dominante y demostr&#xF3; el principio de uniformidad de Mendel: los heterocigotos para un solo gen muestran el mismo fenotipo. <h4>Los alelos parentales se distribuyen aleatoriamente en los gametos</h4> Luego, Mendel indujo la autofertilizaci&#xF3;n en las plantas F1, produciendo la generaci&#xF3;n F2. Las plantas de guisantes F2 con vainas verdes superaron a las de vainas amarillas en una proporci&#xF3;n de 3:1. Mendel observ&#xF3; repetidamente este patr&#xF3;n de herencia 3:1 para cada una de las siete caracter&#xED;sticas de la planta de guisantes. La ley de segregaci&#xF3;n de Mendel explica esta proporci&#xF3;n recurrente. La ley de segregaci&#xF3;n establece que un organismo distribuye una de sus dos copias de genes a cada gameto (&#xF3;vulo o espermatozoide). Es importante destacar que esta distribuci&#xF3;n es aleatoria, de modo que un heterocigoto (Gg) tiene la misma probabilidad de producir gametos con alelos dominantes (G) y recesivos (g). Si un heterocigoto se autofecunda (Gg x Gg), los alelos parentales se pueden combinar de cuatro formas posibles: G paterna con G materna (GG), G paterna con g materna (Gg), g paterna con G materna (Gg) y g paterna con g materna (gg). Tres resultados producen vainas verdes (los genotipos GG y Gg) y uno produce vainas amarillas (el genotipo gg), una proporci&#xF3;n de 3:1. Por lo tanto, si todos los resultados son igualmente probables, los heterocigotos autofecundados producir&#xE1;n tres descendientes con vainas verdes por cada uno con vainas amarillas. Esto est&#xE1; notablemente cerca de la proporci&#xF3;n fenot&#xED;pica que observ&#xF3; Mendel, confirmando su propuesta de ley de segregaci&#xF3;n. <h4>Los rasgos dominantes no siempre son comunes</h4> A diferencia de las vainas verdes, los guisantes verdes son recesivos, aunque los guisantes amarillos son dominantes. Entonces, &#xBF;por qu&#xE9; los guisantes que encontramos habitualmente son verdes? En resumen, la gente prefiere los guisantes verdes a los amarillos. Como lo demuestran los experimentos de Mendel, los homocigotos producen descendencia con el mismo rasgo o fenotipo cuando se autofecundan o se cruzan con otros homocigotos. Si los agricultores contin&#xFA;an excluyendo los guisantes amarillos de sus cruces de cultivos, seguir&#xE1;n produciendo &#xFA;nicamente guisantes verdes. Este ejemplo ilustra otro punto importante: los rasgos dominantes no son necesariamente los m&#xE1;s comunes. Por ejemplo, se pueden seleccionar contra rasgos dominantes da&#xF1;inos.

Cruces monohíbridos

Overview

In the 1850s and 1860s, Gregor Mendel investigated inheritance by performing monohybrid crosses in pea plants. He crossed two plants that were ...

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mendel’s pea plant inheritance ratios

Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study how traits are passed from parents to offspring. His breeding experiments in the 1850s and 1860s showed that inheritance follows clear patterns. He crossed true-breeding plants that differed in one trait and found that dominant traits can hide recessive traits.

Mendel focused on seven pea plant traits, and each trait had two forms controlled by a single gene locus. He noticed that true-breeding plants always produced offspring with the same phenotype, or visible trait. For example, plants with yellow pods produced yellow-pod offspring, and plants with green pods produced green-pod offspring. At a time when many people thought traits blended together, Mendel proposed that traits are inherited as separate units, now called genes.

To test which trait was dominant, Mendel performed monohybrid crosses. A monohybrid cross is a cross between two true-breeding organisms that differ in one trait. The offspring from these crosses are monohybrids, or heterozygotes, and they show the dominant trait. When Mendel crossed pea plants true-breeding for yellow pods with plants true-breeding for green pods, the first filial generation, or F1, all had green pods. These results supported the principle of uniformity, which says that heterozygotes for a single-gene trait have the same phenotype.

Mendel then let the F1 plants self-fertilize to produce the F2 generation. In this generation, green-pod plants outnumbered yellow-pod plants by about 3:1. Mendel saw this same pattern in each of the seven pea traits. He explained the ratio with the law of segregation, which states that an organism gives one of its two gene copies to each gamete, or egg or sperm cell. This distribution is random, so a heterozygote such as Gg makes gametes with either the G or g allele.

If two heterozygotes self-fertilize, as in Gg x Gg, their alleles can combine in four ways: GG, Gg, Gg, and gg. Three of these combinations produce green pods, and one produces yellow pods. That gives the expected 3:1 phenotype ratio seen in the F2 generation. Mendel’s results therefore supported his law of segregation.

Mendel’s pea work also showed that dominant traits are not always the most common traits. In peas, green pods are recessive and yellow pods are dominant, yet people often grow and eat green peas because they prefer them. If farmers keep choosing green peas for breeding, they will keep producing green pods. This example shows that a dominant trait can still be uncommon, and even harmful dominant traits may be selected against.

Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios

genetic lingo

Genotype, Phenotype, and Inheritance

Genotype, phenotype, and inheritance help explain how traits and disease risk are passed from parents to offspring. In diploid organisms, including humans, most other animals, and many plants, somatic cells carry a duplicate set of chromosomes. These chromosome pairs are homologous, with similar length, centromere position, and gene locations. Diploid organisms inherit two versions of each gene, one from each parent. These versions are called alleles, and they sit at the same relative locus,...

punnett squares

Punnett Squares for Predicting Traits

Punnett squares help predict which traits offspring may inherit from two parents. They show possible genotypes, which are pairs of alleles, and can also show the chance of a phenotype, or visible trait, when the inheritance pattern is known. These grids work best for traits controlled by a single gene locus and passed on independently during meiosis. Punnett squares were developed in the early 1900s by Reginald Punnett. His work came after Gregor Mendel’s pea plant experiments revealed the...

monohybrid crosses

Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study how traits are passed from parents to offspring. His breeding experiments in the 1850s and 1860s showed that inheritance follows clear patterns. He crossed true-breeding plants that differed in one trait and found that dominant traits can hide recessive traits. Mendel focused on seven pea plant traits, and each trait had two forms controlled by a single gene locus. He noticed that true-breeding plants always produced offspring with the same phenotype, or...

dihybrid crosses

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel’s law of independent assortment explains how two traits can be inherited separately. Gregor Mendel tested this idea with pea plants that differed in two characteristics, such as pea color and pea shape. He used true-breeding parents that were homozygous for both traits but showed different phenotypes. In one example, Mendel crossed round, yellow peas with wrinkled, green peas. The parental generation had RRYY and rryy genotypes. Their first-generation offspring were all dihybrids,...

law of segregation

Mendel’s Pea Cross Ratios

Mendel’s pea plant crosses show how traits can disappear in one generation and return in the next. When he crossed plants, one parental trait sometimes seemed to vanish in the F1 generation and reappear in the F2 generation. Mendel used this pattern to explain why some traits are dominant and others are recessive. He proposed that traits are controlled by alleles, which are different versions of a gene. An organism inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. In his model, a...

law of independent assortment

Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross and Trait Ratios

Mendel’s dihybrid cross shows how two traits are inherited at the same time. A dihybrid cross is a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits, and the F1 generation is heterozygous for both traits. Mendel used pea plants with round yellow peas and wrinkled green peas as an example. One parent had genotype YYRR, and the other had genotype yyrr. In the F1 generation, every plant showed the dominant traits, so the plants were YyRr and had yellow, round peas. The F2...

test cross

Using Test Crosses to Identify Genotypes

Test crosses are used to identify the genotype of an organism with a dominant trait. A genotype is the pair of alleles inherited for a gene, and alleles are different forms of the same gene. In diploid organisms, including humans, each gene usually has two alleles, one from each parent. An allele is recessive when its effect is hidden by another allele at the same gene location. Pea plants provide a clear example with flower color. White flowers are recessive, because one copy of the purple...

probability laws

Inheritance Risk with Sum and Product Rules

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multiple allele traits

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Multiple alleles can shape traits through blood type, sickle cell anemia, incomplete dominance, and codominance. Multiple allelism means a gene has three or more allelic forms. Diploid organisms, including humans, usually carry only two alleles for each gene, but many human genes exist in multiple forms in the population. Human blood type is a clear example of multiple allelism. The blood type gene has three alleles: I A , I B , and i. These alleles help determine which blood type a person has...

epistasis

Gene Masking in Rabbit Fur Color

Epistasis describes how one gene can mask or change the effect of another gene. In high school genetics, this helps explain why many traits do not follow a simple single-gene pattern. Instead, alleles at different locations can work together to shape the final phenotype. Mendel studied seven unrelated pea traits, but most traits involve multiple gene interactions. Epistasis often happens when one gene interferes with the expression of another gene. It can also occur when genes are part of the...

polygenic traits

Polygenic Traits in Human Height

Polygenic traits are traits controlled by more than one gene. Human height is a clear example of this kind of inheritance. Because many genes work together, the final trait can vary a lot from person to person. Researchers have found hundreds of loci, or gene locations, that influence height. There are likely many more that have not yet been identified. Many of these genes affect cartilage in the growth plates of the long bones in the arms and legs, either directly or indirectly. Height is...

pleiotropy

SOX10 and Multiple Traits in Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is when one gene affects more than one trait. The SOX10 gene is a clear example because it can influence pigmentation, hearing, and intestinal movement. These traits may seem unrelated, but they can all be linked to the same gene change. In humans, a deleted region in SOX10 can cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4. WS4 is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means a person usually inherits two altered copies of the gene. Common signs include a white forelock,...

nature and nurture

Genes and Environment Shape Height

Genes and environment both shape human height and other traits. Genes are the inherited instructions we get from our parents. Environment includes factors such as diet, stress, and social conditions. Many phenotypes, or observable traits, reflect both influences. Some also show up later in life, including cancer and other diseases. Height is a clear example of this interaction. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of height variation comes from genetic differences among people. The remaining 10-30%...

chromosomal theory of inheritance

How Genes Map to Chromosomes

Genes map to chromosomes, and this idea explains how Mendel’s inheritance patterns work. Gregor Mendel published his pea plant breeding results in 1866. He showed that physical traits follow predictable patterns. At the time, scientists did not yet know that genes existed. Mendel used the word "factors" for the hereditary units he studied. The details behind Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment were still unknown for many years. In the late 1800s, better microscopes and...

non-nuclear inheritance

Maternal DNA in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Maternal DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts explains how some genes are inherited outside the nucleus. Most DNA is in the nucleus, but mitochondria and chloroplasts in the cell cytoplasm also carry their own DNA and can copy it independently of nuclear DNA. Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells. They are called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells because they break down glucose to make energy for cellular activity. Mitochondrial DNA has about 37 genes, and many help with...

x-linked traits

X-Linked Inheritance in Families

X-linked inheritance explains how traits on the X chromosome are passed through families. In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y. A mutation on one X chromosome may be masked in females by a normal allele on the other X. In males, that same mutation is more likely to show because there is no second normal X to balance it. Traits caused by changes on the X chromosome are called X-linked traits. Color blindness is a well-studied example.

sex-linked disorders

X- and Y-Linked Disorder Patterns

X- and Y-linked disorders come from mutations in genes on the sex chromosomes. These genes, like those on autosomes, are needed for normal body function. When a mutation causes a biological problem, the condition is called sex-linked. Y-linked disorders come from changes in the Y chromosome. They affect only males, because only males carry a Y chromosome. Mutations in this small chromosome can affect male sexual function and secondary sex characteristics. One example is Y-chromosome...

x-inactivation

Barr Bodies and X-Chromosome Balance

Barr bodies and X-chromosome balance help explain how female mammalian cells control gene activity from the X chromosome. The human X chromosome carries far more genes than the Y chromosome. Because males usually have one X chromosome and females have two, females would make twice as many of some proteins without a control system. To prevent that imbalance, female mammalian cells inactivate nearly all the genes on one X chromosome during early embryonic development. The inactive X condenses...

key terms and concepts

Learn how Mendel’s pea plant crosses revealed dominant and recessive traits, the 3:1 F2 ratio, and the laws of uniformity and segregation.

Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios | JoVE K12

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Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios

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