Name: small and large intestine functions
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Anatomy of the Intestines

- [Narrador] El intestino
delgado y el grueso

son responsables de
absorber nutrientes y agua.

Aunque el intestino delgado
es bastante estrecho,

el órgano mide
alrededor de siete metros

y está comprimido dentro
de la cavidad abdominal.

Keim primero alcanza
el duodeno y, luego,

viaja hacia la parte media
y más larga, el yeyuno.

Allí, el borde interior
contiene pliegues mucosos,

cubiertos de vellosidades
en forma de dedos.

La capa superpuesta
de células epitetiales tiene

extensiones citoplasmáticas
llamadas microvellosidades.

Estas tres estructuras
aumentan el área de superficie

del intestino delgado para asegurar

que los nutrientes
se absorban correctamente.

Al final del intestino
delgado, está el íleon,

que se adhiere al intestino grueso

por la válvula ileocecal.

En la primera parte
del intestino grueso,

el ciego, no hay
pliegues o vellosidades.

Más bien, es el hogar de
un gran ecosistema bacteriano

que se encarga de las últimas
etapas de la digestión,

romper la celulosa.

Colgando en la parte inferior del ciego,

está el apéndice, una pequeña
estructura linfática.

Por encima de él, comienza
el colon ascendente,

seguido por el colon
transverso, que absorbe

la mayor parte del agua
y electrólitos restantes,

convirtiendo a Keim en heces.

Las últimas zonas, el colon descendente,

el colon sigmoide
y el recto almacenan las heces

hasta que se eliminan a través del ano.

Javitt, Norman B. "Historia de la formación de bilis hepática: viejos problemas, nuevos enfoques". Avances en la educación en fisiología 38, no. 4 (1 de diciembre de 2014): 279–85. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00076.2014">Fuente</a>]
Shetty, Sudarshan A., Floor Hugenholtz, Leo Lahti, Hauke Smidt y Willem M. de Vos. "Paisajismo del microbioma intestinal: conocimiento en el ensamblaje de la comunidad e implicaciones para las estrategias de modulación microbiana". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41, no. 2 (marzo de 2017): 182–99. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw045" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]
Wen, Li y Andrew Duffy. "Factores que influyen en la microbiota intestinal, la inflamación y la diabetes tipo 2". The Journal of Nutrition 147, no. 7 (julio de 2017): 1468S-1475S. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.240754" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

anatomía de los intestinos

Aunque la digestión de proteínas, carbohidratos y lípidos puede comenzar en el estómago, se completa en el intestino. La absorción de nutrientes, agua y electrolitos de los alimentos y bebidas también se produce en el intestino. Los intestinos se pueden dividir en dos órganos estructuralmente distintos, el intestino delgado y el intestino grueso. <h4>Intestinos pequeños</h4> El intestino delgado es un tubo de unos 7 metros de largo con un diámetro interior de sólo 2,5 cm. Dado que la mayoría de los nutrientes se absorben aquí, el revestimiento interno del intestino delgado es muy complicado y está cubierto de extensiones en forma de dedos llamadas vellosidades, cada una de las cuales contiene cientos de microvellosidades. Los pliegues, vellosidades y microvellosidades del intestino delgado amplifican la superficie de absorción de 60 a 120 veces. El aumento de la superficie proporciona amplias oportunidades para que se absorban los nutrientes. El intestino delgado se conecta con el estómago mediante el esfínter pilórico, que se cierra cuando el quimo pasa al duodeno, el comienzo del intestino delgado. La parte media del intestino delgado es el yeyuno. El íleon termina en el intestino delgado, donde se une al intestino grueso mediante la válvula ileocecal. <h4>Los intestinos gruesos</h4> El intestino grueso comienza en el ciego. El apéndice, una pequeña estructura linfática, cuelga desde la parte inferior del ciego. Por encima del ciego comienza el colon ascendente, seguido del colon transverso. Absorben la mayor parte del agua y los electrolitos restantes del quimo, convirtiéndolo en heces. El colon descendente, el colon sigmoide y el recto almacenan las heces hasta su eliminación por el ano. En total, el intestino grueso mide aproximadamente 1,5 m de largo con un diámetro interior de 4,8 cm. No contiene pliegues ni vellosidades, pero las células epiteliales absorbentes tienen microvellosidades. El intestino grueso alberga un ecosistema bacteriano, que realiza las etapas finales de la digestión, descomponer la celulosa y la fibra, compuestos que el estómago y el intestino delgado no están preparados para procesar. <h4>Diversidad bacteriana</h4> El intestino grueso contiene más de 700 especies diferentes de bacterias. Se cree que la diversidad bacteriana está relacionada con la obesidad y el desarrollo de diabetes tipo 2. Las personas obesas tienen menos cepas bacterianas que las no obesas. La baja diversidad bacteriana también se ha asociado con la resistencia a la insulina. El ecosistema bacteriano intestinal,el bioma intestinal, se establece poco después del nacimiento, y los bebés amamantados desarrollan su bioma intestinal a partir de bacterias presentes en la leche materna. Después del nacimiento, el bioma está determinado por la genética, la dieta, la edad, el sexo y el sistema inmunológico de un individuo. Los factores externos como la dieta, el estado de salud, los medicamentos y la ubicación geográfica también influyen significativamente en la complejidad del bioma intestinal.

Anatomía de los intestinos

Aunque la digestión de proteínas, carbohidratos y lípidos puede comenzar en el estómago, se completa en el intestino. La absorción de nutrientes, agua, ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Human Biology

Biología Humana

Nutrition and Digestion

Nutrición y digestión

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

small and large intestine functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination.

The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of microvilli, and the folds, villi, and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption by 60 to 120 times.

The small intestine connects to the stomach through the pyloric sphincter. When chyme moves into the duodenum, which is the start of the small intestine, this sphincter closes off. The middle section is the jejunum, and the ileum is the final part. The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

The large intestine begins at the cecum. The appendix, a small lymphatic structure, hangs from the bottom of the cecum. Above it are the ascending colon and then the transverse colon. These sections absorb most of the remaining water and electrolytes from chyme and help turn it into feces.

The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum store feces until they leave the body through the anus. The large intestine is about 1.5 m long and has an inner diameter of 4.8 cm. Unlike the small intestine, it does not have folds or villi, although its absorptive epithelial cells do have microvilli.

The large intestine also supports a bacterial ecosystem that carries out the final stages of digestion. These bacteria can break down cellulose and fiber, which the stomach and small intestine are not well equipped to process. The large intestine contains over 700 different species of bacteria, and this diversity may be linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes. People with obesity tend to have fewer bacterial strains than people who are not obese, and low diversity has also been associated with insulin resistance.

The gut biome is established shortly after birth. Babies who are breastfed develop it from bacteria present in breast milk. After birth, genetics, diet, age, sex, and the immune system help shape the biome. External factors such as diet, health status, medications, and geographical location also affect how complex the gut biome becomes.

Small and Large Intestine Functions

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the small and large intestines absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes, and learn how gut bacteria help finish digestion in high school biology.

Small and Large Intestine Functions | JoVE K12

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Florida Department of Education

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SC.912.L.14.45

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Small and Large Intestine Functions

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