Name: digestive glands and enzymes
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:11.781Z
Duration: 1 min 58 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Accessory Organs

- [Narradora] Los &#xF3;rganos
accesorios del sistema digestivo

secretan encimas
y otras sustancias

en el tracto gastrointestinal primario

para facilitar la digesti&#xF3;n.

Los primeros son
las gl&#xE1;ndulas salivales

en la boca que secretan amilasa.

Esta encima comienza la
descomposici&#xF3;n de los almidones

y de otros carbohidratos.

Los &#xF3;rganos restantes
secretan encimas digestivas

en el duodeno donde ocurre
gran parte de la digesti&#xF3;n.

El h&#xED;gado y la ves&#xED;cula biliar

trabajan en conjunto
para distribuir la bilis,

una sustancia producida
por el h&#xED;gado

aunque almacenada y liberada
por la ves&#xED;cula biliar.

La bilis es un mejunje
de agua, sales biliares,

colesterol y bilirrubina,
un producto desechado

de la descomposici&#xF3;n
de la hemoglobina.

Las sales biliares son
hidrof&#xF3;bicas e hidrof&#xED;licas,

lo cual ayuda a emulsionar
grandes gl&#xF3;bulos de grasa

en m&#xE1;s peque&#xF1;os.

La lipasa del p&#xE1;ncreas
puede hidrolizar

las grasas alimentarias
en &#xE1;cidos grasos y glic&#xE9;ridos.

Otras encimas pancre&#xE1;ticas,

la tripsina y la quimotripsina,

descomponen las prote&#xED;nas en p&#xE9;ptidos,

que la carboxipeptidasa
cataboliza en amino&#xE1;cidos.

La amilasa,
que digiere los carbohidratos,

tambi&#xE9;n es liberada
por el p&#xE1;ncreas.

Por &#xFA;ltimo, el p&#xE1;ncreas
secreta bicarbonato

en el duodeno
para neutralizar el quimo,

una mezcla de alimento
y &#xE1;cido estomacal,

y protege los intestinos
de la acidez.

Njeze, Gabriel E. "Cálculos biliares". Revista Nigeriana de Cirugía: Publicación oficial de la Sociedad Nigeriana de Investigación Quirúrgica 19, no. 2 (2013): 49–55. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4103/1117-6806.119236" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Ianiro, Gianluca, Silvia Pecere, Valentina Giorgio, Antonio Gasbarrini y Giovanni Cammarota. "Suplementación con enzimas digestivas en enfermedades gastrointestinales". Current Drug Metabolism 17, no. 2 (febrero de 2016): 187–93. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.2174/138920021702160114150137" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Órganos accesorios

Los &#xF3;rganos accesorios son aquellos que participan en la digesti&#xF3;n de los alimentos, pero no entran en contacto directo con ellos, a diferencia de la boca, el est&#xF3;mago o el intestino. Los &#xF3;rganos accesorios liberan secreciones digestivas al tubo digestivo para facilitar la descomposici&#xF3;n de los alimentos.
Gl&#xE1;ndulas salivales
Las gl&#xE1;ndulas salivales secretan saliva, un l&#xED;quido complejo que contiene, entre otros componentes, agua, moco y amilasa. La amilasa es una enzima digestiva que comienza a descomponer los almidones y otros hidratos de carbono incluso antes de que lleguen al est&#xF3;mago.
H&#xED;gado, ves&#xED;cula biliar y p&#xE1;ncreas
El h&#xED;gado, la ves&#xED;cula biliar y el p&#xE1;ncreas son los otros &#xF3;rganos accesorios que intervienen en la digesti&#xF3;n. El h&#xED;gado y la ves&#xED;cula biliar secretan bilis, mientras que el p&#xE1;ncreas secreta enzimas digestivas al duodeno a trav&#xE9;s del conducto pancre&#xE1;tico. El h&#xED;gado y la ves&#xED;cula biliar trabajan conjuntamente para liberar bilis en el duodeno. El h&#xED;gado produce bilis, pero esta se almacena en la ves&#xED;cula biliar para ser secretada cuando sea necesaria.
La bilis es una mezcla de agua, sales biliares, colesterol y bilirrubina. Las sales biliares contienen regiones hidr&#xF3;fobas y regiones hidr&#xF3;filas, lo que les permite interactuar tanto con las grasas como con el agua. De este modo, disgregan los grandes gl&#xF3;bulos de grasa en otros m&#xE1;s peque&#xF1;os, un proceso denominado emulsificaci&#xF3;n. La bilirrubina es un producto de desecho que se acumula cuando el h&#xED;gado descompone la hemoglobina de los gl&#xF3;bulos rojos. La globina y el hierro se reciclan, mientras que el grupo hemo se convierte en bilirrubina y se excreta en la bilis. La presencia de bilirrubina es lo que da a las heces su color marr&#xF3;n.
Los c&#xE1;lculos biliares son acumulaciones de bilis que se forman en la ves&#xED;cula biliar o en los conductos biliares que conectan con ella. Los c&#xE1;lculos de colesterol est&#xE1;n formados principalmente por el colesterol presente en la bilis. Los c&#xE1;lculos pigmentarios se forman a partir de bilirrubina. La mayor&#xED;a de los c&#xE1;lculos se forman sin que se advierta su presencia; sin embargo, si un c&#xE1;lculo queda alojado en el conducto biliar, pueden aparecer s&#xED;ntomas graves, como inflamaci&#xF3;n de la ves&#xED;cula biliar o del p&#xE1;ncreas, fiebre, v&#xF3;mitos e ictericia. Una colecistectom&#xED;a, es decir, la extirpaci&#xF3;n de la ves&#xED;cula biliar, es el tratamiento principal, y su extirpaci&#xF3;n produce escasos efectos secundarios a largo plazo.
P&#xE1;ncreas
El p&#xE1;ncreas secreta varias enzimas. La lipasa descompone los triglic&#xE9;ridos en &#xE1;cidos grasos y monoglic&#xE9;ridos. La tripsina y la quimotripsina catabolizan las prote&#xED;nas y las convierten en p&#xE9;ptidos. A continuaci&#xF3;n, la carboxipeptidasa descompone esos p&#xE9;ptidos en amino&#xE1;cidos individuales. El p&#xE1;ncreas tambi&#xE9;n libera amilasa para digerir los hidratos de carbono restantes.

Accessory organs are those that participate in the digestion of food but do not come into direct contact with it like the mouth, stomach, or intestine do. ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Genetics

Genética

Nutrition and Digestion

Nutrición y digestión

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

digestive glands and enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion.

The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach.

The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine, through channels called the biliary tree. The liver makes bile, and the gallbladder stores it until it is needed.

Bile is made of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin. Bile salts have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, so they can interact with fat and water. This lets bile emulsify large fat globules into smaller droplets. Bilirubin is a waste product that forms when the liver breaks down hemoglobin from red blood cells. The globin is recycled, and the heme, which contains iron, leaves the body in bile. Bilirubin also gives feces its brown color.

Gallstones are bile masses that can form in the gallbladder or in nearby bile ducts. Cholesterol stones are made mostly of cholesterol from bile, while pigment stones contain bilirubin. Many stones cause no symptoms, but a stone that blocks a bile duct can lead to serious problems such as gallbladder or pancreas inflammation, fever, vomiting, and jaundice. The main treatment is cholecystectomy, which is the removal of the gallbladder, and it usually has few long-term side effects.

The pancreas releases several enzymes into the small intestine. Lipase breaks smaller fat droplets into fatty acids and triglycerides. Trypsin and chymotrypsin break proteins into peptides, and carboxypeptidase breaks those peptides into individual amino acids. The pancreas also releases amylase to digest any remaining carbohydrates.

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas add enzymes and bile to digest carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Digestive Glands and Enzymes | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.45

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Tissues

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Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Mitochondria

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Introduction to Cytoskeleton

What are Membranes?

1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how differences in cellular structure (mitochondria, cytoskeletal structure, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane) lead to differences in the function and organization of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).

9-12.HA.1.1

Introduction to the Integumentary System

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Cells of the Epidermis

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Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the &#34;core&#34; of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and ...

Layers of the Epidermis

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. ...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal ...

2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

9-12.HA.1.2

Thermoregulation

The body regulates core temperature through negative feedback mechanisms.
When the core temperature drops, thermoreceptors send signals to the ...

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal ...

Surface Membrane Barriers

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...

a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

9-12.HA.1.2.a

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components ...

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four ...

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the ...

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and ...

3. Develop and use a model to illustrate how the structures of the skeletal system contribute to its function. Examples: Create a diagram or 3D model to illustrate bone shape, joint types, and bones in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Use models to illustrate the role of the skeletal system in movements around joints, support of a body structure, and protection of soft tissues.

9-12.HA.1.3

bone-formation-by-endochondral-ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template ...

bone-formation-by-intramembranous-ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the ...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

9-12.HA.1.3.a

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical ...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone ...

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt ...

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis, or hemopoiesis, is the production of the formed elements in blood from common progenitors, called hematopoietic stem cells, or HSCs.
During ...

b. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the skeletal system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain the role of spongy bone in hematopoiesis (cardiovascular system) and leukopoiesis (immune system). Explain how the storage of minerals in bone contributes to homeostasis.

9-12.HA.1.3.b

The Muscular System

The muscular system includes the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles that coordinate with each other to carry out functions like movement, digestion, ...

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscle names are based on various factors, such as location, physical traits, and functions.
Often, muscle names indicate their location. For ...

Muscle Coordination and Action

The skeletal muscles can coordinate, oppose, or assist each other to facilitate voluntary body movements.
Depending on their function, a muscle or group ...

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of ...

4. Develop and build a three-dimensional model to illustrate the structures of the muscular system, including muscle locations, origins, and insertions, and explain their roles in movement and support. Example: Design and build a model of a lever to illustrate the relationship between bones and muscles and explain their roles in body movement and support.

9-12.HA.1.4

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Each skeletal muscle is composed of multiple bundles of elongated multinucleated muscle cells or muscle fibers.
These cells are enclosed by a plasma ...

The Sarcomere

A sarcomere is mainly made up of two types of filaments&#8212; thin filaments containing actin, troponin, and tropomyosin and thick filaments containing ...

excitation-contraction-coupling-in-skeletal-muscles

Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur between generating an action potential and initiating a muscle contraction. It occurs at ...

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions ...

a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

9-12.HA.1.4.a

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Any intense physical activity escalates the ATP demand in the muscles.
As contractions become vigorous, the compressed blood vessels impair the ...

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Depending on the demand, motor neurons control the strength of a muscle&#39;s contraction by altering the frequency of action potentials delivered to the ...

b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

9-12.HA.1.4.b

Organization of the Nervous System

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functional-divisions-of-the-nervous-system

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

The nervous system senses, integrates, and responds to various stimuli. Based on bodily control, the central nervous system cannot be divided ...

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
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5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information explaining the relationship between the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

9-12.HA.1.5

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials&#8212;the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of ...

Propagation of Action Potentials

The Propagation of an action potential is the process by which a nerve impulse is transmitted along the axon. It is a self-propagating process; once ...

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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Voltage-gated Ion Channels

a. Use a model to illustrate the role of action potentials in neural transmission. Clarification: Discussions of sodium-potassium pumps and ion channels are not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.a

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

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Reflex Activity

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Introduction to Special Senses

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b. Construct an explanation of the role of reflex arcs, the central nervous system, and special senses in the response to stimuli to maintain homeostasis and guide behavior. Example: smelling a strong odor initiating a sneeze response using a reflex arc; pupil diameter changing in relation to the amount of light entering the eye Clarification: Discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.b

Neurotransmitters

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Chemical Synapses

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The Synapse

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c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.c

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

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