Name: carbohydrate breakdown in the digestive tract
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:53.394Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Carbohydrate Digestion

- [Instructor] La digesti&#xF3;n
de los carbohidratos

comienza en la boca durante el masticado,

cuando numerosas gl&#xE1;ndulas salivales

liberan enzimas como la amilasa,

que descompone los almidones
en az&#xFA;cares m&#xE1;s peque&#xF1;os,

di y trisac&#xE1;ridos.

Cuando los az&#xFA;cares llegan
al est&#xF3;mago no ocurre nada

porque la amilasa se desactiva

en un ambiente tan &#xE1;cido.

A medida que entran al duodeno,

los carbohidratos complejos
restantes son digeridos

por la enzima alfa-amilasa pancre&#xE1;tica.

Aqu&#xED; en el intestino,
los di y trisac&#xE1;ridos

se descomponen en monosac&#xE1;ridos

por medio de las enzimas
del borde en cepillo

de las microvellosidades intestinales.

Por ejemplo, la enzima sacarasa

descompone la sacarosa
disac&#xE1;rida en glucosa y fructosa.

Estos monosac&#xE1;ridos
son entonces absorbidos

por el epitelio intestinal
para su uso energ&#xE9;tico.

Hall, Mary Beth y David R. Mertens. "Una revisión de 100 años: carbohidratos: caracterización, digestión y utilización". Journal of Dairy Science 100, no. 12 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 10078–93. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13311" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

Dhingra, Devinder, Mona Michael, Hradesh Rajput y R. T. Patil. "Fibra dietética en los alimentos: una revisión". Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos 49, no. 3 (junio de 2012): 255–66. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0365-5" target="__blank">Fuente</a>]

digestión de carbohidratos

La digesti&#xF3;n y el metabolismo de los carbohidratos descomponen los carbohidratos simples y complejos de los alimentos en sac&#xE1;ridos (es decir, az&#xFA;cares) para que el cuerpo los utilice como energ&#xED;a. La digesti&#xF3;n de los carbohidratos comienza en la boca durante la masticaci&#xF3;n. Los carbohidratos masticados permanecen intactos en el est&#xF3;mago. La digesti&#xF3;n se reanuda en el duodeno del intestino delgado, donde la alfa-amilasa pancre&#xE1;tica y las enzimas del borde en cepillo de las microvellosidades convierten los carbohidratos complejos en monosac&#xE1;ridos. Finalmente, los monosac&#xE1;ridos son absorbidos por el epitelio intestinal para utilizarlos como energ&#xED;a. <h4>Tipos de carbohidratos</h4> En la dieta humana se encuentran tres tipos b&#xE1;sicos de carbohidratos: carbohidratos simples, carbohidratos complejos y fibra. Los carbohidratos simples son mol&#xE9;culas de monosac&#xE1;ridos como la glucosa, la fructosa y la galactosa. Los carbohidratos complejos, por otro lado, son polisac&#xE1;ridos compuestos por largas cadenas de glucosa. Finalmente, la fibra es un carbohidrato que se encuentra en la celulosa de los alimentos de origen vegetal. El cuerpo no puede descomponerlo para obtener energ&#xED;a, pero desempe&#xF1;a un papel vital en una digesti&#xF3;n saludable al ayudar a que los alimentos ingeridos se muevan a lo largo del sistema digestivo.

Digestión de carbohidratos

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Genetics

Genética

Nutrition and Digestion

Nutrición y digestión

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

carbohydrate breakdown in the digestive tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further.

Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple sugar units are then absorbed by the intestinal epithelium for energy use.

The human diet includes three basic types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber. Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides, which are long chains of glucose. Fiber is found in the cellulose of plant-based foods. The body cannot break fiber down for energy, but it helps healthy digestion by moving food along the digestive system.

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

carbohydrate-breakdown-in-the-digestive-tract

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Follow how carbohydrates are broken down in the mouth and small intestine, then absorbed as sugars. Learn the roles of simple carbs, complex carbs, and fiber.

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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JoVE Core Biología da vida a la biología a través de una serie con más de 300 lecciones de vídeo animadas, concisas y fáciles de entender, que explican conceptos clave de la biología, incluyendo también más de 150 vídeos de científicos en acción, que muestran experimentos reales realizados en laboratorios actuales de investigación.

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.46

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how differences in cellular structure (mitochondria, cytoskeletal structure, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane) lead to differences in the function and organization of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

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a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

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Introduction to the Skeletal System

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Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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Introduction to Joints

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Joints

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3. Develop and use a model to illustrate how the structures of the skeletal system contribute to its function. Examples: Create a diagram or 3D model to illustrate bone shape, joint types, and bones in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Use models to illustrate the role of the skeletal system in movements around joints, support of a body structure, and protection of soft tissues.

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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the ...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

9-12.HA.1.3.a

The Functions of the Skeletal System

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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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b. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the skeletal system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain the role of spongy bone in hematopoiesis (cardiovascular system) and leukopoiesis (immune system). Explain how the storage of minerals in bone contributes to homeostasis.

9-12.HA.1.3.b

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

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Often, muscle names indicate their location. For ...

Muscle Coordination and Action

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Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

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4. Develop and build a three-dimensional model to illustrate the structures of the muscular system, including muscle locations, origins, and insertions, and explain their roles in movement and support. Example: Design and build a model of a lever to illustrate the relationship between bones and muscles and explain their roles in body movement and support.

9-12.HA.1.4

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

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The Sarcomere

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Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles

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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

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a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

9-12.HA.1.4.a

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Muscle Stimulation Frequency

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b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

9-12.HA.1.4.b

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5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information explaining the relationship between the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

9-12.HA.1.5

Action Potential

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9-12.HA.1.5.a

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b. Construct an explanation of the role of reflex arcs, the central nervous system, and special senses in the response to stimuli to maintain homeostasis and guide behavior. Example: smelling a strong odor initiating a sneeze response using a reflex arc; pupil diameter changing in relation to the amount of light entering the eye Clarification: Discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs is not required.

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c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.c

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

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