Name: how cellular respiration makes atp
Uploaded: 2019-08-01T09:24:07.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.4

LS.4.b

ATP Yield

- [Instructor] En la respiración celular

La producción de 30-32
moléculas de ATP es el resultado

de la producción escalonada
de moléculas de alta energía,

dos ATP y dos NAHD en la glicólisis,

dos NADH en la oxidación del piruvato,

dos ATP, seis NADH y dos FADH2

en el ciclo del ácido cítrico,

y aproximadamente 26 o 28 ATP

en la fosforilación oxidativa.

El rango de ATP es
aproximado por tres motivos.

Primero, porque los transportadores
de electrones NADH y

FADH2 producen indirectamente
ATP al provocar que los iones

hidrógeno sean bombeados
al espacio intermembranal,

crean fracciones teóricas de ATP,

2.5 y 1.5 ATP respectivamente.

Segundo, La NADH producida
en la glicólisis no puede

atravesar la membrana mitocondrial

y por lo tanto debe pasar sus
electrones de alta energía

a otros portadores de electrones
dentro de la mitocondria.

Y dependiendo del tipo de célula,

producen FADH2 o NADH

produciendo 1.5 o 2.5 ATP respectivamente.

Tercero, la energía producida
por la respiración también

se usa para abastecer otras
actividades como el transporte

del piruvato a través de
la membrana mitocondrial

produciendo aproximadamente 30 o 32 ATP.

rendimiento atp

La respiración celular produce entre 30 y 32 ATP por molécula de glucosa. Aunque la mayor parte del ATP resulta de la fosforilación oxidativa y de la cadena de transporte de electrones (ETC), 4 ATP se obtienen de antemano (2 de la glucólisis y 2 del ciclo del ácido cítrico). La ETC está incrustada en la membrana mitocondrial interna y se compone de cuatro complejos proteicos principales y una ATP sintasa. NADH y FADH2 pasan electrones a estos complejos, que bombean protones al espacio intermembrana. Esta distribución de protones genera un gradiente de concentración a través de la membrana. El gradiente impulsa la producción de ATP cuando los protones regresan a la matriz mitocondrial a través de la ATP sintasa. Por cada dos electrones que el NADH pasa a través del complejo I, se bombean un total de 10 protones: el complejo I y el complejo III bombean cada uno 4 protones, aunque el complejo IV bombea 2 protones. El complejo II no participa en la cadena de electrones iniciada por NADH. FADH2, sin embargo, pasa 2 electrones al complejo II, por lo que se bombean un total de 6 protones por FADH2 (4 protones a través del complejo III y 2 protones a través del complejo IV). Se necesitan cuatro protones para sintetizar 1 ATP. Dado que se bombean 10 protones por cada NADH, 1 NADH produce 2,5 (10/4) ATP. Se bombean seis protones por cada FADH2, por lo que 1 FADH2 produce 1,5 (6/4) ATP. La respiración celular produce un máximo de 10 NADH y 2 FADH2 por molécula de glucosa. Dado que un solo NADH produce 2,5 ATP y un solo FADH2 produce 1,5 ATP, se producen 25 ATP + 3 ATP mediante fosforilación oxidativa. Se producen cuatro ATP antes de la fosforilación oxidativa, que produce un máximo de 32 ATP por molécula de glucosa. Es importante destacar que la glucólisis ocurre en el citosol y la ETC se encuentra en las mitocondrias (en eucariotas). La membrana mitocondrial no es permeable al NADH. Como resultado, los electrones del 2 NADH que se producen mediante la glucólisis deben transportarse a las mitocondrias. Una vez dentro de la mitocondria, los electrones pueden pasar a NAD+ o FAD. Teniendo en cuenta los diferentes rendimientos de ATP según el transportador de electrones, el rendimiento total de la respiración celular es de 30 a 32 ATP por molécula de glucosa.

Rendimiento ATP

La respiración celular produce entre 30 y 32 ATP por molécula de glucosa. Aunque la mayor parte del ATP es el resultado de la fosforilación oxidativa y el transporte de electrones ...

Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Biology

Biología

Cellular Processes

Procesos celulares

Cellular Respiration

Respiración celular

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

how cellular respiration makes atp

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle.

The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to these complexes. As electrons move through the chain, the complexes pump protons into the intermembrane space and build a gradient across the membrane.

That proton gradient powers ATP production. Protons flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase, and this flow drives ATP formation. For every 2 electrons that NADH sends through complex I, 10 protons are pumped in total. Complex I and complex III each pump 4 protons, and complex IV pumps 2 protons. Complex II is not part of the electron chain started by NADH.

FADH2 follows a different path. It passes 2 electrons to complex II, so a total of 6 protons are pumped per FADH2. In this case, complex III pumps 4 protons and complex IV pumps 2 protons. Four protons are needed to make 1 ATP. That means 1 NADH yields 2.5 ATP, and 1 FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP.

Per glucose molecule, cellular respiration can produce up to 10 NADH and 2 FADH2. Since each NADH makes 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 makes 1.5 ATP, oxidative phosphorylation produces 25 ATP from NADH and 3 ATP from FADH2. Adding the 4 ATP made before that stage gives a maximum of 32 ATP per glucose molecule. In eukaryotes, glycolysis happens in the cytosol, and the ETC is in the mitochondria.

The mitochondrial membrane does not let NADH cross. Because of that, the electrons from the 2 NADH made in glycolysis must be shuttled into the mitochondria. Once inside, those electrons may be passed to NAD+ or FAD. Since the shuttle path can change the carrier used, the total ATP yield of cellular respiration is usually 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule.

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

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Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how cellular respiration turns glucose into ATP through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, for a total of 30 to 32 ATP.

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

High School

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-5

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.5

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-7.

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-7

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How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

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