Name: ph scale and acid-base balance
Uploaded: 2020-11-23T11:47:33.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Environmental Science

Earth and Human Activity

9-12.EVS.4.8.a

The potential of hydrogen, or pH, points to a solution&#x27;s acidity or basicity&#x2014; properties based on the concentration of hydronium ions, formed when water molecules gain an extra proton.
 
 The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm of its hydronium ion concentration. For example, a solution with 1 &#xD7; 10&#x2212;5 M hydronium concentration has a pH of 5.
 
 pH values commonly range from zero to fourteen and are typically depicted in decreasing order of hydronium ion concentration on a pH scale at a standard temperature of 25&#xB0;C.
 
 Since pH is on a logarithmic scale, a solution of pH 4 has ten times more hydronium ions than a solution with pH 5, which has ten times more hydronium ions than pH 6, and so on.
 
 pH seven is neutral since the water molecules autoionize through proton transfer between two water molecules, producing equal concentrations of hydroxide and hydronium ions.
 
 Coffee has an acidic pH due to the high concentration of hydronium ions.
 
 On the other hand, a low hydronium concentration, as in milk of magnesia, results in higher pH values, indicating a basic solution.
 
 Substances above a pH of seven are basic, while those below are acidic.

El potencial de hidr&#xF3;geno (pH) es una medida de la acidez o basicidad de una soluci&#xF3;n a base de agua determinada por la concentraci&#xF3;n de iones hidronio (H3O+). En un litro de agua pura con pH neutro, hay 1&#xD7;10&#x2212;7 moles de iones hidronio. Sin embargo, el amplio rango de concentraciones de iones hidronio presentes en soluciones a base de agua hace que medir el pH en moles sea engorroso. Por ello, se desarroll&#xF3; una escala de pH para convertir moles de iones hidronio en el logaritmo negativo de la concentraci&#xF3;n de iones hidronio. El pH del agua pura, 7, representa una soluci&#xF3;n neutra. La mayor&#xED;a de las soluciones tienen un pH entre 0 y 14, pero algunas soluciones, como el carborano (con un pH de &#x2212;18), lo superan. Un litro de carborano tiene 1&#xD7;1018 moles de iones de hidr&#xF3;geno. A medida que se acumulan m&#xE1;s iones de hidronio, el valor del pH de una soluci&#xF3;n cae por debajo de 7. El caf&#xE9;, el jugo de lim&#xF3;n y el &#xE1;cido g&#xE1;strico (jugos digestivos) son soluciones &#xE1;cidas con pH de alrededor de 4,5, 2,5 y 1,5, respectivamente. Las soluciones con un pH superior a 7 se denominan alcalinas, ya que tienen una menor concentraci&#xF3;n de iones hidronio. El agua salada y el agua con jab&#xF3;n son ejemplos de soluciones alcalinas, con pH de aproximadamente 8 y 12, respectivamente. Los tampones son soluciones que pueden evitar cambios significativos en el pH. Los tampones son fundamentales porque la mayor&#xED;a de las funciones biol&#xF3;gicas ocurren en condiciones de pH casi neutro, aproximadamente entre 7,35 y 7,45. Por ejemplo, la sangre tiene un pH promedio de ~7,4, mantenido por un sistema tamp&#xF3;n que incluye &#xE1;cido carb&#xF3;nico (H2CO3), iones de bicarbonato (HCO3&#x2013;) y di&#xF3;xido de carbono (CO2). El bicarbonato tambi&#xE9;n se utiliza para amortiguar el quimo a medida que pasa del est&#xF3;mago al intestino delgado. Sin &#xE9;l, la acidez de los alimentos digeridos da&#xF1;ar&#xED;a el revestimiento del intestino.

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). ...

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Education

Educación

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Biología Molecular

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Biochemistry of the Cell

Bioquímica de la célula

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

ph scale and acid-base balance

pH measures how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is. It is a key way to describe the balance between acids and bases in water-based solutions.

The pH scale shows this balance with low values for acidic solutions and high values for basic solutions. Neutral solutions fall in the middle of the scale.

Understanding pH helps explain how different substances behave in water. It also helps compare solutions that are more acidic, more basic, or neutral.

pH Scale and Acid-Base Balance

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Element Groups in Living Things

Living things are built from elements found on the periodic table. This page focuses on the elements that make up organisms and how they are grouped in biology. These organismal elements are usually divided into major, minor, and trace categories. Major elements make up most of the mass of living matter. Minor elements are needed in smaller amounts. Trace elements are present in very small amounts but still play important roles. The periodic table helps show where these elements fit and how...

functional groups

Functional Groups in Organic Molecules

Functional groups are the parts of organic molecules that give them specific chemical behavior. They help determine how a compound reacts and what properties it has. In organic chemistry, these groups are used to classify molecules in a clear way. Hydrocarbons are one common class of organic compounds. They contain only carbon and hydrogen. Alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones are other classes that are identified by their functional groups. These groups make each class behave differently from the...

polymers

Polymer Structures and Uses

Polymers are large molecules built from repeating smaller units called monomers. Their long-chain structure gives them many different properties and makes them useful in everyday materials. Polymers can form in two main ways. In addition polymerization, monomers join together without losing any atoms. In condensation polymerization, monomers link while a small molecule is released. These two pathways help explain how many common plastics and related materials are made. The structure of a...

what are lipids?

Lipids in Cells: Fats and Membranes

Lipids are a group of biomolecules found in living things. They are known for their role in energy storage and in building cell membranes. This makes them important in many parts of biology. Fats are one common type of lipid. Other lipids include phospholipids and steroids. Each group has a different structure and a different job in the body. Phospholipids are especially important because they help form cell membranes. Steroids also belong to the lipid group, and they have their own distinct...

structure of lipids

Types of Lipids and Their Structure

Lipids are a major group of biological molecules, and their structure helps explain their different forms. Many lipids are built from fatty acids, which are long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group. The carbon chain is hydrophobic, meaning it does not mix well with water, while the carboxyl group is the acidic end. Triglycerides are one common lipid type. They consist of a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acid chains. Saturated triglycerides have fatty acids with only single...

chemistry of carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Structures and Types

Carbohydrates are biomolecules built from carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Their chemistry helps explain how simple sugars join together and how larger carbohydrate molecules form. The smallest carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or single sugar units. These can link to make disaccharides, which contain two sugar units, and polysaccharides, which are long chains of many sugar units. Carbohydrates play an important role in biology because they are part of the structures and processes found in...

nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids and Genetic Information

Nucleic acids carry genetic information in cells. They include DNA and RNA, which are made from nucleotide building blocks. These molecules store, copy, and help use the instructions needed for life. DNA is the main long-term storage molecule for genetic information. RNA helps carry and use that information in cells. Together, these nucleic acids connect the code in a cell to the proteins it can make.

intermolecular forces

Forces Between Molecules

Forces between molecules help explain why matter behaves the way it does. These intermolecular attractions act between separate molecules, not within a single molecule. They are often much weaker than the bonds that hold atoms together inside a molecule, but they still affect many properties of liquids and solids. Several common types of intermolecular forces are covered in this topic. These include dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole forces, and van der Waals forces. Van der...

noncovalent attractions in biomolecules

How Biomolecules Hold Their Shape

Biomolecules hold their shape through noncovalent attractions. These interactions occur within and between molecules and help control the structure and stability of complexes. They are different from covalent bonds because they do not involve sharing electrons. Four main noncovalent interactions are important in biology: hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a strongly electronegative...

pH measures how acidic or basic an aqueous solution is. It is a key way to describe the balance between acids and bases in water-based solutions. The pH scale shows this balance with low values for acidic solutions and high values for basic solutions. Neutral solutions fall in the middle of the scale. Understanding pH helps explain how different substances behave in water. It also helps compare solutions that are more acidic, more basic, or neutral.

hydrolysis of atp

ATP Hydrolysis and Energy Release

ATP hydrolysis is a key chemical reaction in cells that releases energy. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is the molecule cells use to store and transfer energy for many processes. During hydrolysis, water breaks the bond in ATP’s terminal phosphate group. This reaction converts ATP into ADP, or adenosine diphosphate, and inorganic phosphate. The released energy can then be used to drive cellular work. High school biology students often see ATP hydrolysis as part of energy transfer in living...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the pH scale measures acidity and basicity in aqueous solutions and how neutral, acidic, and basic solutions compare.

pH Scale and Acid-Base Balance | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core Biología Molecular presenta los procesos moleculares de la célula a través de lecciones claras y concisas de animaciones audiovisuales. Además, en los vídeos de científicos en acción, se muestran aplicaciones de estos conceptos mediante experimentos reales en laboratorios especializados.

biofuels-producing-ethanol-from-cellulosic-material

Biofuels: Producing Ethanol from Cellulosic Material

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In this experiment, cellulosic material (such as corn stalks, leaves, ...

Biofuels

The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as ...

Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction

Combustion, commonly known as burning, is a reaction in which a substance reacts with an oxidizing agent, which in most cases is molecular oxygen, to ...

Enthalpies of Reaction

Hess&rsquo;s law can be used to determine the enthalpy change of any reaction if the corresponding enthalpies of formation of the reactants and products ...

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
The United States consumes a large amount of energy &#8211; the current ...

6. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the use of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. Examples: Describe the similarities and differences among fossil fuels. Gather and share information to describe different sources of renewable energy from biomass such as biodiesel, cellulosic ethanol, and algae.

9-12.EVS.4.6

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
Today&#39;s modern world requires the use of a large amount of energy. While ...

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

gis-software-hardware-and-sources-of-gis-data

GIS Software, Hardware, and Sources of GIS Data

A Geographic Information System (GIS) combines specialized software and hardware to effectively manage, analyze, and present spatial and related data. GIS ...

a. Analyze and interpret data on the origins and availability of renewable and nonrenewable forms of energy to predict consumption trends. Examples: Use a solar irradiance map to predict the best area for a solar thermal power plant. Analyze the distribution of fossil fuel reserves around the globe to identify energy-rich and energy-poor areas and predict future trends in types of fuel used and rates of consumption.

9-12.EVS.4.6.a

Manipulation and Analysis

GIS manipulation and analysis functions are vital for decision-making and planning. These activities range from data retrieval tasks, such as selecting ...

Climate Change

The certainty of climate change remains a public controversy despite the consensus among approximately 97% of active climate researchers, who not only ...

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These ...

Coordinates and Map Projections

Coordinates and map projections are essential tools in accurately representing the Earth's surface for various applications, ranging from navigation to ...

b. Construct an argument based on data about the risks and benefits of using renewable and nonrenewable energy sources in Alabama.

9-12.EVS.4.6.b

Quarrying of Stone

Quarrying involves the meticulous extraction of stone from a quarry by either using controlled explosions or precision cutting techniques to remove the ...

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3&#8211;12 are ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Plastics

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer widely utilized in the packaging industry, particularly for bottles and containers. Due to its ...

Bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, ...

7. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the development, management, and recycling of mineral resources. Example: Research technologies used to mine and process rare Earth metals for electronics. Gather information and draw conclusions about the sustainability of plastics recycling.

9-12.EVS.4.7

Nutrients in Aquatic Ecosystems

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential plant nutrients found in aquatic ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Using GIS to Investigate Urban Forestry

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Urban forests broadly include urban parks, street trees, landscaped ...

Biological Clocks and Seasonal Responses

The circadian&#8212;or biological&#8212;clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities ...

Pollination and Flower Structure

Flowers are the reproductive, seed-producing structures of angiosperms. Typically, flowers consist of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Sepals and ...

8. Construct or revise a claim based on evidence of the effects of human activities on Earth's systems, natural resources, and ecosystem services. Examples: Construct a claim that excess nitrogen and phosphorus causes algal blooms, deforestation disrupts carbon storage, or excess atmospheric sulfur leads to acid rain. Construct a claim that changing rain patterns cause flooding or desertification. Construct a claim that temperature cycles affect the timing of migrations and the flowering of plants, causing a disjunction in pollination.

9-12.EVS.4.8

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Calvin Cycle

Overview

Oxygenic photosynthesis converts approximately 200 billion tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) annually to organic compounds and produces approximately ...

Marine Microbial Ecology

Marine microbial ecosystems are shaped by distinct physicochemical limits, including high salinity, low nutrient availability, and fluctuating oxygen ...

a. Evaluate published information from computational models which illustrate the effects of an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide on photosynthesis and the effect of ocean acidification on marine populations.

determination-of-nox-in-automobile-exhaust-using-uv-vis-spectroscopy

Determination Of NOx in Automobile Exhaust Using UV-VIS Spectroscopy

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
In the troposphere, ozone is naturally formed when sunlight splits nitrogen ...

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons

Bioremediation is an environmentally sustainable process that employs living organisms&#8212;primarily microorganisms&#8212;to degrade or neutralize ...

Microbial Bioremediation of Pesticides

Pesticides often feature structurally complex chemical architectures, incorporating halogen groups and multiple aromatic rings. These characteristics ...

b. Use engineering practices to evaluate and refine a current solution designed to protect natural resources from anthropogenic sources of atmospheric, terrestrial, or aquatic pollution. Example: Create mechanisms to remove plastic from the ocean or particulates from industrial exhaust.

9-12.EVS.4.8.b

applications-of-gis-disaster-management-and-emergency-response

Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

9. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information based on evidence to explain how key natural resources, natural hazards, and climate variability influence human activity and welfare.

9-12.EVS.4.9

Stratified Sampling Method

Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the ...

a. Communicate scientific information about how environmental change may disproportionately impact people in certain socioeconomic groups or geographic locations. Examples: People in lower socioeconomic groups or those who are unhoused are more affected by rising temperatures and heat islands than others. Populations living at lower sea levels are more impacted by sea level rise than those who live at higher elevations. People living in floodplains are more likely to experience seasonal flooding than those living on higher ground.

9-12.EVS.4.9.a

Genetic Drift

Natural selection&#x2014;probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism&#x2014;increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and ...

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

This ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

10. Use mathematics and graphic models to communicate how human activity may affect genetic variation in organism populations, including threatened and endangered species.

9-12.EVS.4.10

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Population Models
An ecological population is a group of individuals of a single species living in an area at the same time. To persist, a population must ...

Key Elements for Plant Nutrition

Like all living organisms, plants require organic and inorganic nutrients to survive, reproduce, grow and maintain homeostasis. To identify nutrients that ...

11. Construct an explanation of how human populations undergo growth and decline. Examples: Explain how birth and death rates, infant mortality, nutrition, and other factors increase or decrease human populations. Clarification: Use of mathematical calculations to determine growth rate is not required.

9-12.EVS.4.11

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

How Data are Classified: Categorical Data

A variable, usually notated by capital letters such as X and Y, is a characteristic or measurement that can be determined for each member of a population. ...

a. Analyze and interpret data on human population trends in developing and developed countries and in the global population as a whole. Example: Use fertility and mortality rates to predict population growth and average population age during different stages of the demographic transition model. Compare age structure diagrams of developing and developed countries to determine differences in population growth rates. Use total fertility rates to predict global population growth rate.

9-12.EVS.4.11.a

Biodeterioration

Biodeterioration refers to the unwanted alteration of materials caused by microorganisms&#8212;especially fungi&#8212;which damage both organic substrates ...

b. Construct explanations of the types of environmental impacts produced by human populations in each stage of the demographic transition model. Example: Current American quality of life standards from post-industrial development (driving a car, heating and cooling a house) can have a negative impact on the environment. As quality of life, educational opportunities, and gross national product increase, individual resource consumption increases. Transitioning populations may generate increased local solid waste pollution.

9-12.EVS.4.11.b

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

12. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe the effects of human population growth on global ecosystems.

9-12.EVS.4.12

Testing For Genetically Modified Foods

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Genetic modification of foods has been a controversial issue due to debated ...

Plant Breeding and Biotechnology

Crop cultivation has a long history in human civilization, with records showing the cultivation of cereal plants beginning at around 8000 BC. This early ...

Production of Biopesticides

Biopesticides offer a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, utilizing microbial agents to control agricultural pests. Bacillus thuringiensis ...

Plant Tissue Culture

Plant tissue culture is widely used in both primary and applied science. Applications range from plant development studies to functional gene studies, ...

a. Evaluate and communicate information describing the impact of measures used to increase the food supply for the growing human population, including the use of GMOs, monocultures, integrated pest management (IPM), and precision agriculture.

9-12.EVS.4.12.a

Measuring Tropospheric Ozone

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Ozone is a form of elemental oxygen (O3), a molecule of three oxygen atoms ...

turbidity-and-total-solids-in-surface-water

Turbidity and Total Solids in Surface Water

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Turbidity and total solids are related measurements addressing clarity of ...

Survey Safety

Surveying near highways, rough terrain, or power lines involves significant risks. Working along highways is particularly dangerous and requires the use ...

b. Evaluate and communicate information describing the effects of urbanization on the environment. Examples: Creating impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and sidewalks increases flash flooding in low-lying urban areas. Urban sprawl leads to increased use of fossil-fuel-powered transportation and higher levels of local air pollution. An increase in pavement and rooftops and a decrease in green space leads to heat islands.

9-12.EVS.4.12.b

pH Scale and Acid-Base Balance

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