Name: homeostasis and negative feedback
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

What is Homeostasis?

La homeostasis es la capacidad del cuerpo para mantener condiciones internas estables en respuesta al entorno externo cambiante.
Por ejemplo, cuando hace calor afuera, la temperatura corporal de una persona puede comenzar a aumentar y el cuerpo debe reaccionar para contrarrestar el aumento.
Los receptores, los centros de control y los efectores coordinan los cambios fisiológicos necesarios para responder a una variable.
En el caso de un aumento de la temperatura corporal, los termorreceptores de las células de la piel detectan la temperatura elevada y transmiten el mensaje a través de impulsos nerviosos al cerebro, el centro de control.
El cerebro compara el estímulo con un punto de ajuste: el rango fisiológico de la variable. El punto de ajuste para una temperatura normal del cuerpo humano es de aproximadamente 37 °C.
Cuando la temperatura corporal excede el punto de ajuste, el cerebro envía una señal a los efectores, las glándulas sudoríparas, para que produzcan sudor. La evaporación del sudor enfría el cuerpo.
Una vez que la temperatura corporal vuelve al punto de ajuste, los receptores envían retroalimentación al cerebro para reducir la producción de sudor, asegurando que se mantenga la homeostasis.

¿qué es la homeostasis?

Mantener la homeostasis requiere que el cuerpo mantenga continuamente sus condiciones internas. Cada condición fisiológica tiene un punto de ajuste particular, desde la temperatura corporal hasta la presión arterial y los niveles de ciertos nutrientes. Un punto de ajuste es el valor fisiológico alrededor del cual fluctúa el rango normal. Un rango normal es un conjunto restringido de valores que es óptimamente saludable y estable. Por ejemplo, el punto de ajuste para la temperatura corporal normal en los seres humanos es aproximadamente 37°C (98.6°F). Los parámetros fisiológicos, como la temperatura corporal y la presión arterial, tienden a fluctuar dentro de un rango normal unos grados por encima y por debajo de ese punto. Los centros de control en el cerebro y otras partes del cuerpo monitorean y reaccionan a las desviaciones de la homeostasis utilizando retroalimentación negativa. La retroalimentación negativa es un mecanismo que revierte una desviación del punto de ajuste. Por lo tanto, la retroalimentación negativa mantiene los parámetros corporales dentro de su rango normal. Mantener la homeostasis mediante retroalimentación negativa se lleva a cabo en todo el cuerpo en todo momento, y entender la retroalimentación negativa es fundamental para comprender la fisiología humana.

Un sensor, también conocido como receptor, es un componente de un sistema de retroalimentación que monitorea el valor fisiológico. Este valor es reportado al centro de control. El centro de control es el componente en un sistema de retroalimentación que compara el valor con el rango normal. El centro de control activa un efector si el valor se desvía demasiado del punto de ajuste. Un efector es un componente en un sistema de retroalimentación que provoca un cambio para revertir la situación y devolver el valor al rango normal.

Por ejemplo, para poner en marcha el sistema, un estímulo debe llevar un parámetro fisiológico más allá de su rango normal (más allá de la homeostasis). Este estímulo es "detectado" por un sensor específico. En el control de la glucosa en sangre, células endocrinas específicas en el páncreas detectan un exceso de glucosa (el estímulo) en el torrente sanguíneo. Estas células beta pancreáticas responden al aumento del nivel de glucosa en sangre liberando la hormona insulina en el torrente sanguíneo. La insulina señala a las fibras musculares esqueléticas, células grasas (adipocitos) y células hepáticas que absorban el exceso de glucosa, eliminándola del torrente sanguíneo. A medida que la concentración de glucosa en el torrente sanguíneo disminuye, la disminución de la concentración, es decir, la retroalimentación negativa real, es detectada por las células alfa pancreáticas y cesa la liberación de insulina. Esto evita que los niveles de azúcar en sangre sigan disminuyendo por debajo del rango normal.

Este texto está adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.5: </a> Homeostasis

¿Qué es la Homeostasis?

Mantener la homeostasis requiere que el cuerpo mantenga continuamente sus condiciones internas. Cada condición fisiológica tiene un punto de ajuste particular, ...

Education

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Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomía y Fisiología

Unit 1

Unidad 1

Introduction to the Human Body

Introducción al cuerpo humano

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TÉRMINOS Y CONCEPTOS CLAVE

homeostasis and negative feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range.

Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis. This process reverses a change that moves a body value away from its set point. Control centers in the brain and other body parts monitor these changes and respond when conditions drift too far. Because this happens throughout the body all the time, negative feedback is a key idea in human physiology.

A feedback system has three main parts: a sensor, a control center, and an effector. A sensor, also called a receptor, watches a physiological value and sends that information to the control center. The control center compares the value with the normal range. If the value moves too far from the set point, the control center activates an effector. The effector causes a change that brings the value back toward normal.

Blood glucose control shows how this works. When blood sugar rises too high, pancreatic beta cells detect the excess glucose in the bloodstream. These endocrine cells release insulin into the blood. Insulin tells skeletal muscle fibers, fat cells, and liver cells to take up the extra glucose, which removes it from the bloodstream. As glucose levels fall, pancreatic alpha cells detect the drop, and insulin release stops. This keeps blood sugar from falling below the normal range.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

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what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

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key terms and concepts

Learn how homeostasis stays stable through negative feedback, set points, sensors, control centers, and the insulin response to blood glucose.

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

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Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

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