Name: planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:20:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

Los planctomycetes se clasifican en dos órdenes: Planctomycetales y Brocadiales.Estas bacterias gramnegativas exhiben características únicas. Se dividen por brotación. Algunos tienen tallos o apéndices, mientras que otros forman arreglos de celdas en forma de roseta. Ciertas especies poseen una capa S en su envoltura celular.Todos los Planctomycetes muestran compartimentos intracelulares que se asemejan a orgánulos eucariotas.Producen estructuras especializadas conocidas como pirelulosomas, que son compartimentos no unitarios encerrados en membrana que contienen el nucleoide, los ribosomas y otros componentes citoplasmáticos.En el género Gemmata, el nucleoide está encerrado por invaginaciones de la membrana celular, formando una estructura rodeada por una membrana unitaria verdadera.El género Isosphaera es una bacteria filamentosa y deslizante que se encuentra en las aguas termales.Un compartimento adicional digno de mención, el anammoxosoma, se encuentra en los miembros del orden Brocadiales, como Brocadia anammoxidans.El anammoxosoma facilita la oxidación anaeróbica del amoníaco, una forma de quimiolitoautotrofia. El intermediario tóxico de esta reacción está contenido dentro de su membrana lipídica única, protegiendo los componentes citoplasmáticos.

filo bacteriano: planctomycetes

Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes 

Los Planctomycetes son un grupo de bacterias morfol&#243;gicamente distintivas, clasificadas predominantemente en dos &#243;rdenes: Planctomycetales y Brocadiales. Estas bacterias Gram negativas presentan caracter&#237;sticas &#250;nicas, como la divisi&#243;n por gemaci&#243;n y la presencia de tallos o ap&#233;ndices. Sus c&#233;lulas suelen encontrarse en arreglos en roseta y son notables por poseer una capa S en su envoltura celular, algo relativamente inusual entre las bacterias. Adem&#225;s, los Planctomycetes presentan con frecuencia compartimentos intracelulares que recuerdan a los org&#225;nulos eucariotas.
Aunque los procariotas y eucariotas difieren normalmente de manera significativa en sus estructuras celulares, los Planctomycetes desaf&#237;an esta distinci&#243;n al mostrar compartimentalizaci&#243;n celular. Las c&#233;lulas eucariotas poseen un n&#250;cleo rodeado por membrana, mientras que el ADN procariota est&#225; compactado en un nucleoide dentro del citoplasma. Sin embargo, los Planctomycetes producen estructuras especializadas conocidas como pirellulosomas, compartimentos no delimitados por una membrana unitaria que contienen el nucleoide, ribosomas y otros componentes citoplasm&#225;ticos.
El ciclo vital de Planctomyces implica la gemaci&#243;n. Las c&#233;lulas m&#243;viles de tipo &#8220;swarmer&#8221; se adhieren a una superficie, desarrollan un tallo en el sitio de adhesi&#243;n y generan una nueva c&#233;lula en el polo opuesto mediante gemaci&#243;n. Esta c&#233;lula hija desarrolla un flagelo, se separa de la c&#233;lula madre e inicia un nuevo ciclo. Fisiol&#243;gicamente, las especies de Planctomyces son aerobios facultativos capaces de crecer mediante respiraci&#243;n o fermentaci&#243;n de az&#250;cares. Habitan diversos entornos acu&#225;ticos, incluyendo ecosistemas de agua dulce y marinos. El g&#233;nero Isosphaera, un pariente de Planctomyces, es una bacteria filamentosa y deslizante que se encuentra en fuentes termales. El aislamiento de Planctomyces y sus parientes suele requerir medios con bajo contenido nutritivo.
En ciertos g&#233;neros, como Gemmata, el nucleoide est&#225; adem&#225;s rodeado por invaginaciones de la membrana celular, formando una estructura rodeada por una verdadera membrana unitaria. A pesar de esta complejidad estructural, el ADN permanece en un estado covalentemente cerrado, circular y superenrollado, t&#237;pico de los genomas bacterianos.
Un compartimento adicional notable, el anammoxosoma, se encuentra en miembros del orden Brocadiales, como Brocadia anammoxidans. Esta estructura facilita la oxidaci&#243;n anaerobia del amonio y est&#225; protegida por una membrana lip&#237;dica &#250;nica que evita el da&#241;o por los intermediarios t&#243;xicos generados durante este proceso metab&#243;lico.
Planctomyces es uno de los g&#233;neros m&#225;s estudiados dentro del filo. Similar a la bacteria con tallo Caulobacter, Planctomyces presenta un tallo, pero su estructura est&#225; compuesta &#250;nicamente por prote&#237;na, sin pared celular ni citoplasma. El tallo funciona principalmente como mecanismo de adhesi&#243;n y es m&#225;s delgado que el tallo prostecal de Caulobacter.

Filo bacteriano: Planctomycetes

Los Planctomycetes son un grupo de bacterias morfol&#243;gicamente distintivas, clasificadas predominantemente en dos &#243;rdenes: Planctomycetales y ...

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planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle

Planctomycetes are a group of gram-negative bacteria known for unusual cell structures and a distinctive life cycle. They are mainly placed in two orders, Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. Many cells show stalks or other appendages and often appear in rosette groups.

A key feature of these bacteria is their cell envelope. Planctomycetes have an S-layer, a surface layer that is relatively uncommon in bacteria. They also divide by budding, which is different from the simple cell split seen in many other bacteria.

Planctomycetes are also known for internal compartments that resemble parts of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes usually keep DNA in a nucleoid in the cytoplasm. In Planctomycetes, special compartments called pirellulosomes contain the nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic material.

The life cycle of Planctomyces begins with a motile swarmer cell attaching to a surface. A stalk forms at the attachment site, and a new cell then develops at the opposite pole by budding. The daughter cell grows a flagellum, leaves the mother cell, and starts the cycle again. Planctomyces species are facultative aerobes, so they can grow by respiration or by fermenting sugars, and they live in freshwater and marine environments. Low-nutrient media are usually needed to isolate Planctomyces and its relatives.

Some related bacteria show even more unusual structures. Isosphaera is a filamentous, gliding bacterium found in hot springs. In Gemmata, the nucleoid is further surrounded by membrane invaginations, so it has a true unit membrane around it. Even so, the DNA remains a covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled bacterial genome.

Members of Brocadiales include Brocadia anammoxidans, which has an anammoxosome. This compartment supports anaerobic oxidation of ammonia and is protected by a special lipid membrane that helps block toxic intermediates made during the process. Planctomyces is one of the best-studied genera in the phylum. It has a stalk like Caulobacter, but the Planctomyces stalk is made of protein only and does not contain cell wall or cytoplasm. Its main role is attachment, and it is thinner than the prosthecal stalk of Caulobacter.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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key terms and concepts

Explore Planctomycetes cell structure, budding division, stalks, and unique compartments like pirellulosomes and anammoxosomes in this high school biology video.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

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Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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