Flip Angle
Flip Angle - Related Videos
05:25
Patterning of Embryonic Stem Cells Using the Bio Flip Chip
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Cited by 2 •
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We demonstrate a simple method for placing cells at desired locations on a substrate. This method patterns cells by flipping a silicone chip containing microwells filled with cells onto the substrate. This method provides a new way to modulate diffusible and juxtacrine signaling between cells.
08:21
Laser-induced Forward Transfer for Flip-chip Packaging of Single Dies
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Cited by 5 •
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We demonstrate the use of the Laser-induced Forward Transfer (LIFT) technique for flip-chip assembly of optoelectronic components. This approach provides a simple, cost-effective, low-temperature, fast and flexible solution for fine-pitch bumping and bonding on chip-scale for achieving high-density circuits for optoelectronic applications.
01:13
Contact Angle
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2023
When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces. The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive force...
09:18
Photobleaching Assays (FRAP & FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells
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Cited by 26 •
2011
We describe photobleaching methods including Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP) and Fluorescence Loss In Photobleaching (FLIP) to monitor chromatin protein dynamics in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Chromatin protein dynamics, which is considered to be one of the means to study chromatin plasticity, is enhanced in pluripotent cells.
01:27
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment
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2023
In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow. Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
FAQs
The flip angle is set by the combined effect of radiofrequency pulse amplitude and duration. Increasing either factor changes how far the net nuclear magnetization rotates, so the desired angle can be approached by adjusting these pulse properties. This relationship makes pulse calibration important because inaccurate amplitude or timing can alter signal intensity and reduce the reliability of chemical measurements.
Changing the angle alters how much longitudinal magnetization is transferred into the transverse plane, where the NMR signal is observed. It also changes how the experiment uses available magnetization before relaxation occurs. Consequently, flip-angle selection creates a balance between signal strength, saturation, and the timing needed for repeated measurements, rather than serving only as a geometric setting.
A 90° pulse places longitudinal magnetization in the transverse plane, supporting direct signal observation, while a 180° pulse reverses the magnetization direction. These distinct effects make the two pulse settings useful for different experimental timing and magnetization-control requirements. Selecting between them changes how the spin system proceeds through the measurement and influences the resulting spectrum.
Chemists select the angle according to the desired balance among sensitivity, saturation, relaxation effects, and acquisition timing. A setting that produces strong signal may not be appropriate if repeated measurements leave the magnetization inadequately recovered. Adjusting pulse amplitude or duration provides a way to tune the experiment for reliable spectra while preserving the measurement objective.
Consistent control of the angle helps produce comparable signal conditions across NMR measurements. This is especially important when spectra are used to identify compounds or measure concentrations, because changes in magnetization rotation can affect signal intensity independently of the chemical composition. Managing saturation and relaxation through the selected setting therefore supports more dependable interpretation.
Deliberate control supports several chemistry applications, including compound identification, concentration measurement, and investigation of molecular structure and dynamics. In each case, the selected angle influences how effectively magnetization contributes to the observed spectrum and how experimental timing interacts with relaxation. Appropriate control can therefore improve sensitivity and help make spectral comparisons more meaningful.