Free-electron Laser
Free-electron Laser - Related Videos
14:18
Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements
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Cited by 2 •
2016
A protocol to detect and automate mode locking in a pre-adjusted nonlinear polarization rotation fiber laser is presented. The detection of a sudden change in the output polarization state when mode locking occurs is used to command the alignment of an intra-cavity polarization controller in order to find mode-locking conditions.
01:24
Electron Carriers
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2019
Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons. Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
03:07
Electron Affinity
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2020
The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion). This process can be either endothermic or exothermic, depending on the element. Many of these elements have negative values of EA, which means that energy is released when the gaseous atom accepts an electron. However, for some elements, energy is required for the atom to become negatively charged, and the value of their EA is positive. Just as with ionization energy,...
05:49
Laser Micromachining for Polymer Surface Topography Design
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2025
A method for imposing surface topography of light-absorbing composite polymer materials, particularly magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs), by using laser micromachining is presented. This method enables large flexibility in topographical designs and rapid prototyping. An example of structuring MAE surfaces, characterization, and their response to the external magnetic field is demonstrated.
09:49
An Experimental Protocol for Femtosecond NIR/UV - XUV Pump-Probe Experiments with Free-Electron Lasers
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Cited by 13 •
2018
This protocol describes the key steps for performing and analyzing pump-probe experiments combining a femtosecond optical laser with a free-electron laser in order to study ultrafast photochemical reactions in gas-phase molecules.
FAQs
The periodic magnetic undulator forces relativistic electrons to oscillate as they travel through it. That coordinated motion produces radiation, which is then amplified into coherent pulses. The undulator therefore connects the beam’s electron dynamics with the emitted light, allowing the source to generate intense radiation suitable for probing chemical systems on very short timescales.
Wavelength tunability lets researchers select radiation across the infrared to X-ray range for different measurements. This flexibility supports spectroscopy, diffraction, and scattering, each of which addresses molecular behavior from a different perspective. Choosing the appropriate wavelength can therefore help examine molecular structure, electronic changes, or reaction-related rearrangements within the same broad research framework.
Femtosecond pulse durations allow measurements to follow rapid molecular changes as reactions proceed. In time-resolved experiments, such short pulses can help distinguish transient intermediates from later products and reveal when structural or electronic changes occur. This temporal information is important for connecting observed molecular rearrangements with the dynamics of photochemical and other chemical processes.
A chemical sample is exposed to appropriately selected laser radiation, and the resulting response is measured through spectroscopy, diffraction, or scattering. Researchers then analyze those measurements to track molecular structure or electronic changes during a reaction. The chosen technique and wavelength depend on whether the experiment focuses on transient species, bond rearrangements, or broader reaction dynamics.
Free-electron Laser measurements can identify transient intermediates, follow bond rearrangements, and characterize changes in molecular structure or electronic state. Spectroscopy emphasizes chemical and electronic behavior, whereas diffraction and scattering provide structural information. Together, these outcomes help researchers build a time-resolved picture of how molecules change rather than observing only starting materials and final products.
In chemistry, these sources support time-resolved studies of photochemistry, catalysis, materials research, and structural analysis. Their combination of intense radiation, tunable wavelengths, and ultrashort pulses helps researchers investigate both molecular transformations and material responses. The resulting information can clarify reaction mechanisms, characterize structural changes, and connect chemical behavior with evolving electronic or molecular states.