Spike Protein Pseudovirus
Spike Protein Pseudovirus - Related Videos
04:56
Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of Coronavirus Spike Protein-Expressing Pseudoviruses Using Patient Serum
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2026
Source: Jamieson, T. R., et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the antibody-mediated neutralization of pseudoviruses carrying coronavirus spike proteins using patient serum, studied through high-throughput fluorescent imaging of infected epithelial cell monolayers.
02:46
Visualizing Dose-Dependent Spike Protein Uptake with Quantum Dot Conjugates
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2026
Source: Tran, B. N., et. al. High-throughput Confocal Imaging of Quantum Dot-Conjugated SARS-CoV-2 Spike Trimers to Track Binding and Endocytosis in HEK293T Cells. J. Vis. Exp. (2022)This video demonstrates the use of quantum dot–conjugated spike protein (QD-Spike) to visualize dose-dependent viral entry in ACE2-GFP–expressing cells. Confocal imaging captures the internalization of QD-Spike via receptor-mediated endocytosis, modeling early coronavirus entry.
02:45
Production and Collection of Pseudovirus Particles Using Mammalian Cell Culture
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2026
Source: Jamieson, T. R., et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the procedure for infecting mammalian cells with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-encoding pseudovirus, monitoring viral replication and spread by fluorescence microscopy, and collecting virus-containing supernatant for downstream applications.
03:25
Quantification of Pseudovirus Particles by Plaque Assay
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2026
Source: Jamieson, T. R., et al., Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies using High-Throughput Fluorescent Imaging of Pseudovirus Infection. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video describes the virus plaque assay using coronavirus pseudovirus particles. The diluted pseudovirus is added to a monolayer of mammalian cells, followed by incubation with a methylcellulose overlay. Plaques formed by infected cells are counted visually to determine the infectious virus titer.
02:22
Production of Pseudovirus Using Plasmid Transfection in Human Cells
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2026
Source: Chang, X., et al. Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)This video demonstrates the production of influenza pseudoviruses in human cells using calcium phosphate-mediated plasmid transfection, enabling safe generation of single-cycle viral particles for downstream applications such as antibody neutralization assays under biosafety level 2 conditions.
FAQs
Entry requires two coordinated events. The displayed spike first binds a compatible receptor on the target cell, establishing cellular attachment. Suitable host proteases then activate the spike, enabling the membrane-fusion step that allows the particle to enter. Examining these requirements helps researchers investigate receptor usage and determine which cellular factors support spike-mediated entry.
The reporter gene provides an experimental readout of successful entry into target cells. After spike-mediated attachment, protease activation, and membrane fusion, the pseudovirus delivers this gene into the cell. Detecting the resulting reporter output allows researchers to assess entry activity and determine whether antibodies or other molecules have reduced that process.
Variant comparisons can reveal differences in receptor usage, cellular entry, or immune recognition while keeping the experimental system controlled. Researchers can also examine whether antibodies, sera, or therapeutic molecules block entry to different extents. This makes variant panels useful for interpreting how changes in the spike affect neutralization and vaccine-induced immunity.
A typical workflow uses engineered particles displaying the selected spike, exposes suitable target cells to those particles, and evaluates reporter-gene delivery after entry. Researchers can then vary the spike or cellular context and compare the resulting entry readouts. This workflow isolates spike-dependent entry processes without requiring a fully replication-competent virus.
Researchers test whether antibodies, sera, or therapeutic molecules interfere with pseudovirus entry into target cells. The test condition is compared with entry in the relevant reference condition, and reduced reporter delivery indicates inhibition of entry. Such assays provide a controlled way to evaluate neutralizing activity and compare immune responses or candidate treatments.
Spike protein pseudoviruses allow sera generated after vaccination to be evaluated for their ability to block spike-mediated entry. Testing sera against particles bearing different spike variants can support comparisons of immune recognition and neutralization across variants. The approach connects vaccine-induced antibody activity with a defined entry process in a controlled laboratory setting.