Fundus Examination
Fundus Examination - Related Videos
05:51
Smartphone Fundus Photography
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Cited by 49 •
2017
Fundus photography normally requires specialized fundus cameras that are not always available in all clinical settings. Here, a simple method to record ocular fundus images using a smartphone camera and a conventional high-plus handheld indirect ophthalmoscopy lens is described.
07:22
Quantitative Fundus Autofluorescence for the Evaluation of Retinal Diseases
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Cited by 22 •
2016
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports the sensory retina through recycling visual cycle byproducts, which accumulate as lipofuscin. These products are autofluorescent and can be qualitatively imaged in vivo. Here, we describe a method to quantitatively image RPE lipofuscin using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy.
07:44
Ophthalmoscopic Examination
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2023
Source: Richard Glickman-Simon, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA The simplest ophthalmoscopes consist of an aperture to look through, a diopter indicator, and a disc for selecting lenses. The ophthalmoscope is primarily used to examine the fundus, or the inner wall of the posterior eye, which consists of the choroid, retina, fovea, macula, optic disc, and retinal vessels (Figure 1). The spherical eyeball...
35:03
Mental Status Examination
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2023
Source: Carmen Black, Matthew Goldenberg, and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The mental status exam is a clinical evaluation of emotional, perceptual, and cognitive functioning that spans both the fields of psychiatry and neurology. Developing skill in the psychiatric portions of the examination are important to describe salient aspects of the patient's mental state that may be observed during routine history and/or physical exam. Proficiency in the cognitive portions of this...
20:06
The Comprehensive Infant Examination
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2023
Source: Heather Collette and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The newborn exam is important in establishing a baby's baseline health status as they enter the world. Newborn providers have the unique opportunity to evaluate a patient for the very first time. They are also tasked with identifying congenital anomalies that require early intervention to promote a long and healthy life for the child. Many newborn anomalies, such as heart defects, are noted on prenatal ultrasound. However,...
FAQs
The clinician directs light through the pupil so reflected illumination reveals structures on the interior surface of the eye. Pupil dilation can enlarge the field of view, allowing more of the retina and associated structures to be inspected. This is particularly useful when the visible area through an undilated pupil is limited.
Assessment should include the retina, optic disc, macula, and retinal blood vessels. Examining these structures together helps clinicians recognize different patterns of ocular or systemic disease rather than relying on a single finding. The resulting observations can support detection of retinal disease, optic nerve abnormalities, and vascular changes.
An ophthalmoscope provides the illumination and viewing needed for the clinician to inspect the back of the eye directly. A fundus camera serves the same visualization goal while also supporting image documentation. Using either device allows internal ocular structures to be assessed, whereas photographic documentation can help preserve findings for later review and monitoring.
The clinician positions an ophthalmoscope or fundus camera to direct light through the patient’s pupil toward the back of the eye. The retina, optic disc, macula, and retinal vessels are then inspected, and relevant findings may be documented. If a wider view is needed, the pupil can be dilated before visualization.
It is useful when clinicians need to investigate possible ocular disease, assess findings associated with systemic disease, or follow known abnormalities over time. The examination can reveal findings linked to diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinal detachment, vascular disorders, and optic nerve abnormalities, helping support early diagnosis and decisions about timely referral.
Findings can contribute to early recognition of disease, ongoing monitoring, and referral for treatment when appropriate. In medicine, the examination is valuable because changes at the back of the eye may provide information relevant to both ocular conditions and systemic disease. Documented observations also help clinicians compare the patient’s status over time.