Name: vaporization, boiling, and evaporation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:01.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

Vaporization

- La vaporisation est le passage de l'état liquideà l'état de gaz ou de vapeur. 
Par exemple, lorsque de l'énergie caloriqueest ajoutée à de l'eau,celle-ci atteint son point d'ébullition et devient vapeur. 
La quantité d'énergie nécessaire à température constantepour vaporiser une masse donnée de liquideest appelée "chaleur de vaporisation". 
En plus de cela, la vaporisation peut aussi se produirejuste à la surface d'un liquide. 
Ce processus correspond à l'évaporation. 
Cette fois-ci, c'est de l'énergie cinétiquequi est apportée par le soleil et le vent. 
Si cette énergie dépasse les forces intermoléculaires,les molécules se libèrent et deviennent vapeur. 
C'est un important moyen de refroidissement chez les animauxgrâce à la transpiration. 
Comme la transpiration est essentiellement composée d'eau,les molécules s'évaporent. 
Ce faisant, l'énergie calorique stockée en elles les suit,faisant baisser la température collectivedes gouttes restanteset résultant en une température du corps plus basse. 
L'évaporation est aussi une force importantedans la transpiration des plantes,avec l'aide de la cohésion et de l'adhésion. 
L'évaporation de l'eau à la surface des feuillesaide à faire remonter les molécules avoisinantes,amenant l'eau des racines jusqu'aux feuilles.

vaporisation

La vaporisation transforme une substance liquide en une substance gazeuse ou vaporeuse. Pour ce faire, l’énergie cinétique doit être supérieure aux forces intermoléculaires qui maintiennent les molécules liées. La quantité d’énergie nécessaire pour vaporiser une quantité de liquide à une pression donnée et une température constante est appelée la chaleur de la vaporisation. Lorsque l’eau liquide est vaporisée, elle se transforme en vapeur.
 
 <h4>Les méthodes</h4>
 
 Ajouter de la chaleur à un liquide jusqu’à ce qu’il atteigne son point d’ébullition est une méthode de vaporisation. L’ébullition est un type de vaporisation qui se produit lorsque des bulles de vapeur se forment sous la surface du liquide. Le point d’ébullition varie en fonction de la pression atmosphérique. Avec plus de pression atmosphérique, il faut plus d’énergie pour atteindre le point d’ébullition. Au niveau de la mer, l’eau bout à 100 oC (212 oF) ; cette température du niveau de la mer s’appelle le point d’ébullition normal ou atmosphérique. À des altitudes plus élevées, l’eau a besoin de moins d’énergie pour bouillir. Sur le mont Everest, l’eau bout à environ 71 oC (160 oF). Dans l’espace, qui manque d’atmosphère mais qui est aussi extrêmement froid, l’eau va d’abord bouillir puis geler, conséquence de la forte capacité thermique de l’eau.
 
 L’évaporation, un autre type de vaporisation, se produit sous le point d’ébullition. Dans ce processus, les molécules d’eau avec assez d’énergie cinétique pour dépasser les forces intermoléculaires s’échappent de la surface de l’eau sous forme de vapeur. Les molécules d’eau restantes ont une énergie cinétique plus faible. Si cela se produit à grande échelle, l’énergie cinétique globale de la masse liquide diminue, refroidissant le liquide. La transpiration tire profit du phénomène d’évaporation pour diminuer la température corporelle. Lorsque la transpiration s’évapore du corps, la sueur restante est plus fraîche et aide à absorber la chaleur du corps.
 
 Les propriétés de l’évaporation de l’eau sont également utilisées par les plantes pour aider à déplacer l’eau à travers la plante. À mesure que les molécules d’eau sont libérées à partir des pores sur les feuilles et qu’elles s’évaporent, elles attirent les molécules d’eau en dessous d’elles vers le haut par adhésion moléculaire. Au niveau environnemental, l’évaporation de l’eau est le moteur qui anime le cycle de l’eau et dirige une grande partie des conditions météorologiques et du climat de la Terre. Environ 71 % de la surface de la Terre est de l’eau ; il est donc important de comprendre les mécanismes et la puissance de l’évaporation de l’eau.

Vaporisation

La forme physique d’une substance change en changeant de température. Par exemple, l’élévation de la température d’un liquide provoque la vaporisation du liquide...

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Enseignement

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Biology

Biologie

Fundamentals

Fondamentaux

Chemistry of Life

La chimie de la vie

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

vaporization, boiling, and evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization.

Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the surface of the liquid. The boiling point changes with atmospheric pressure. With more pressure, more energy is needed to reach the boiling point.

At sea level, water boils at the normal, or atmospheric, boiling point of 100 °C, or 212 °F. At higher elevations, water needs less energy to boil. For example, water boils at about 71 °C, or 160 °F, on Mount Everest. Evaporation is another form of vaporization, but it happens below the boiling point.

During evaporation, water molecules with enough kinetic energy escape from the surface as vapor. The molecules left behind have lower kinetic energy. If evaporation happens on a large scale, the liquid loses overall kinetic energy and cools. Sweat uses this effect to lower body temperature. As perspiration evaporates, the cooler sweat helps absorb heat from the body. Plants also use water’s evaporative properties to move water upward through the plant. On a larger scale, evaporation drives the water cycle and helps shape Earth’s weather and climate.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

the periodic table and organismal elements

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vaporization

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the...

solvents

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carbon skeletons

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key terms and concepts

Explore how heat changes liquids into vapor, including boiling, evaporation, boiling point changes with pressure, cooling from sweat, and the water cycle.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation | JoVE K12

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La collection JoVE Core Biologie donne vie à la biologie à travers plus de 300 leçons vidéos animées concises et faciles à comprendre qui expliquent les concept clés de la biologie, mais aussi plus de 150 vidéos de scientifiques à l'action effectuant des expériences de recherche dans des laboratoires modernes.

Alabama Course of Study Science

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

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Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

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