Name: carbohydrate breakdown in the digestive tract
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:19:53.394Z
Duration: 1 min 14 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Carbohydrate Digestion

- [Formateur] La digestion des glucidescommence dans la bouche &#xE0; la mastication,de nombreuses glandes salivaires lib&#xE8;rent des enzymes,comme l&#x27;amylase, qui d&#xE9;gradent l&#x27;amidonen sucres plus simples, les di- et trisaccharides. 
Lorsque les sucres arrivent &#xE0; l&#x27;estomac,il ne se produit rien,car l&#x27;amylase y est inactiv&#xE9;epar le milieu acide. 
En p&#xE9;n&#xE9;trant dans le duod&#xE9;num,les glucides complexes qui restent sont dig&#xE9;r&#xE9;spar l&#x27;enzyme pancr&#xE9;atique &#x3B1;-amylase. 
Dans l&#x27;intestin, les di- et trisaccharidessont d&#xE9;grad&#xE9;s en monosaccharidespar les enzymes de la bordure en brossedes microvillosit&#xE9;s intestinales. 
Par exemple, l&#x27;enzyme sucrase d&#xE9;grade le disaccharidesucrose en glucose et en fructose. 
Ces monosaccharides sont ensuite absorb&#xE9;spar l&#x27;&#xE9;pith&#xE9;lium intestinal pour les besoins en &#xE9;nergie.

Hall, Mary Beth et David R. Mertens. « Une revue de 100 ans : les glucides – caractérisation, digestion et utilisation. » Journal of Dairy Science 100, n° 12 (1er décembre 2017) : 10078-93. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13311 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

Dhingra, Devinder, Mona Michael, Hradesh Rajput et R. T. Patil. « Fibres alimentaires dans les aliments : une revue ». Journal of Food Science and Technology 49, n° 3 (juin 2012) : 255-66. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0365-5 » target="__blank">Source</a>]

digestion des glucides

La digestion et le m&#xE9;tabolisme des glucides d&#xE9;composent les glucides simples et complexes des aliments en saccarides (c.-&#xE0;-d. des sucres) pour que le corps les utilise comme &#xE9;nergie. La digestion des glucides commence dans la bouche pendant la mastication, ou le m&#xE2;chement. Les glucides mastiqu&#xE9;s restent intacts dans l&#x2019;estomac. La digestion reprend dans le duod&#xE9;num de l&#x2019;intestin gr&#xEA;le, o&#xF9; l&#x2019;alpha-amylase pancr&#xE9;atique et les enzymes de bordure en brosse des microvillosit&#xE9;s transforment les glucides complexes en monosaccharides. Enfin, les monosaccharides sont absorb&#xE9;s par l&#x2019;&#xE9;pith&#xE9;lium intestinal pour la consommation d&#x2019;&#xE9;nergie.
 
 <h4>Les types de glucides</h4>
 
 Trois types de glucides de base se trouvent dans l&#x2019;alimentation humaine : les glucides simples, les glucides complexes et les fibres. Les glucides simples sont des mol&#xE9;cules de monosaccharide comme le glucose, le fructose et le galactose. Les glucides complexes, d&#x2019;autre part, sont des polysaccharides compos&#xE9;s de longues cha&#xEE;nes de glucose. Enfin, une fibre est un glucide qui se trouve dans la cellulose des aliments d&#x2019;origine v&#xE9;g&#xE9;tale. Elle ne peut pas &#xEA;tre d&#xE9;compos&#xE9;e par le corps pour l&#x2019;&#xE9;nergie, mais elle joue un r&#xF4;le vital dans la digestion saine en aidant les aliments ing&#xE9;r&#xE9;s &#xE0; se d&#xE9;placer le long du syst&#xE8;me digestif.

Digestion des glucides

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

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Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologie

Genetics

Génétique

Nutrition and Digestion

Nutrition et digestion

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

carbohydrate breakdown in the digestive tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further.

Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple sugar units are then absorbed by the intestinal epithelium for energy use.

The human diet includes three basic types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber. Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides, which are long chains of glucose. Fiber is found in the cellulose of plant-based foods. The body cannot break fiber down for energy, but it helps healthy digestion by moving food along the digestive system.

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

carbohydrate-breakdown-in-the-digestive-tract

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Follow how carbohydrates are broken down in the mouth and small intestine, then absorbed as sugars. Learn the roles of simple carbs, complex carbs, and fiber.

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract | JoVE K12

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La collection JoVE Core Biologie donne vie à la biologie à travers plus de 300 leçons vidéos animées concises et faciles à comprendre qui expliquent les concept clés de la biologie, mais aussi plus de 150 vidéos de scientifiques à l'action effectuant des expériences de recherche dans des laboratoires modernes.

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.46

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

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a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

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The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components ...

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four ...

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions&#8212;the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central ...

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the ...

Joints

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3. Develop and use a model to illustrate how the structures of the skeletal system contribute to its function. Examples: Create a diagram or 3D model to illustrate bone shape, joint types, and bones in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Use models to illustrate the role of the skeletal system in movements around joints, support of a body structure, and protection of soft tissues.

9-12.HA.1.3

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the ...

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a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

9-12.HA.1.3.a

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The Bone Matrix

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b. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the skeletal system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain the role of spongy bone in hematopoiesis (cardiovascular system) and leukopoiesis (immune system). Explain how the storage of minerals in bone contributes to homeostasis.

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Naming Skeletal Muscles

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Often, muscle names indicate their location. For ...

Muscle Coordination and Action

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Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

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4. Develop and build a three-dimensional model to illustrate the structures of the muscular system, including muscle locations, origins, and insertions, and explain their roles in movement and support. Example: Design and build a model of a lever to illustrate the relationship between bones and muscles and explain their roles in body movement and support.

9-12.HA.1.4

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Each skeletal muscle is composed of multiple bundles of elongated multinucleated muscle cells or muscle fibers.
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Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles

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Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

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a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

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b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

9-12.HA.1.4.b

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Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

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5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information explaining the relationship between the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

9-12.HA.1.5

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Propagation of Action Potentials

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Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

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9-12.HA.1.5.a

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b. Construct an explanation of the role of reflex arcs, the central nervous system, and special senses in the response to stimuli to maintain homeostasis and guide behavior. Example: smelling a strong odor initiating a sneeze response using a reflex arc; pupil diameter changing in relation to the amount of light entering the eye Clarification: Discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs is not required.

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c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.c

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

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