Name: how insulin and glucagon shift energy
Uploaded: 2024-03-28T14:28:49.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Integration And Coordination

Endocrine System

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

Les hormones pancréatiques glucagon et insuline régulent la glycémie.
Entre les repas ou pendant le jeûne, la glycémie baisse, ce qui déclenche la libération de glucagon par les cellules alpha du pancréas.
La fonction principale du glucagon est de favoriser la synthèse et la libération de glucose, augmentant ainsi la quantité de glucose dans le sang.
Dans le foie et les muscles squelettiques, le glucagon stimule la glycogénolyse, qui convertit le glycogène en glucose.
Il stimule également la conversion des composés contenant du carbone, tels que l’acide lactique et les acides aminés, en glucose par gluconéogenèse. 
Juste après les repas, la glycémie augmente, ce qui déclenche la libération d’insuline par les cellules bêta du pancréas.
L’insuline se lie à ses récepteurs sur la membrane cellulaire cible et favorise l’absorption et le métabolisme du glucose.
Une fois que le glucose pénètre dans les cellules, l’insuline stimule davantage la glycolyse, accélérant le taux de dégradation du glucose et la production d’ATP.
Il favorise également la synthèse des protéines, la synthèse du glycogène et la conversion du glucose en graisse pour prévenir l’excès de glucose dans le sang.

hormones régulant la glycémie

L'insuline est libérée par les cellules bêta du pancréas lorsque la glycémie est élevée. Elle facilite l'absorption et l'utilisation du glucose dans les cellules insulino-dépendantes dotées de récepteurs d'insuline sur leurs membranes plasmiques. L'insuline favorise l'absorption du glucose en augmentant le nombre de protéines de transport du glucose dans la membrane cellulaire, permettant ainsi au glucose de pénétrer dans la cellule. En conséquence, l’utilisation du glucose et la production d’ATP sont améliorées.

En plus d’accélérer l’absorption et l’utilisation du glucose, l’insuline a d’autres effets. Elle stimule la formation de glycogène, un polysaccharide de stockage du glucose, dans les fibres musculaires squelettiques et les cellules hépatiques pour une utilisation ultérieure. L'insuline favorise également l'absorption des acides aminés et la synthèse des protéines dans toutes les cellules cibles, empêchant ainsi la conversion des acides aminés en glucose. De plus, l'insuline stimule la formation de triglycérides dans les adipocytes, facilitant l'absorption des acides gras et du glycérol.

Cependant, il est important de noter que toutes les cellules du corps ne sont pas insulino-dépendantes. Les cellules du cerveau, des reins, de la muqueuse du tube digestif et des globules rouges sont dépourvues de récepteurs à l’insuline, mais peuvent néanmoins absorber et utiliser le glucose indépendamment de la stimulation par l'insuline.

Lorsque la glycémie descend en dessous de la normale, le pancréas libère du glucagon des cellules alpha pour mobiliser les réserves d'énergie. Le glucagon se lie à son récepteur sur la membrane plasmique de la cellule cible, activant l'adénylate cyclase et produisant de l'AMPc comme second messager. Les principaux effets du glucagon comprennent la stimulation de la dégradation du glycogène dans les fibres musculaires squelettiques et les cellules hépatiques, libérant des molécules de glucose pour le métabolisme énergétique ou dans la circulation sanguine. Le glucagon stimule également la dégradation des triglycérides dans les adipocytes, libérant ainsi des acides gras qui seront utilisés par d'autres tissus. De plus, il stimule la production et la libération de glucose par les cellules hépatiques via la gluconéogenèse, contribuant ainsi à une augmentation de la concentration de glucose dans le sang.

La sécrétion de glucagon et d'insuline est régulée respectivement par les cellules pancréatiques alpha et bêta, en réponse aux modifications de la glycémie.

Hormones régulant la glycémie

Les hormones pancréatiques glucagon et insuline régulent la glycémie.
Entre les repas ou pendant le jeûne, le taux de glucose dans le sang baisse, déclenchant le ...

Education

Enseignement

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomie et physiologie

Unit 1

Unité 1

The Endocrine System

Le système endocrinien

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMES ET CONCEPTS CLÉS

how insulin and glucagon shift energy

Insulin and glucagon are pancreatic hormones that help keep blood glucose levels in balance. Insulin is released by beta cells when blood glucose is high. Glucagon is released by alpha cells when blood glucose drops below normal.

Insulin helps glucose move into insulin-dependent cells that have insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. It increases the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, which allows glucose to enter the cell more easily. This raises glucose use and ATP production, the cell’s energy supply.

Insulin also supports storage and building processes. It stimulates glycogen formation in skeletal muscle fibers and liver cells so glucose can be saved for later. It promotes amino acid absorption and protein synthesis in target cells, which helps prevent amino acids from being converted into glucose. It also encourages triglyceride formation in adipocytes and helps fatty acids and glycerol be absorbed.

Not every cell depends on insulin to use glucose. Cells in the brain, kidneys, lining of the digestive tract, and red blood cells do not have insulin receptors, but they can still absorb and use glucose without insulin stimulation.

When blood glucose is low, glucagon helps release stored energy. It binds to its receptor on the target cell’s plasma membrane and activates adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP as a second messenger. Glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle fibers and liver cells, which releases glucose for energy use or into the bloodstream. It also promotes triglyceride breakdown in adipocytes and triggers gluconeogenesis in liver cells, increasing blood glucose concentration.

How Insulin and Glucagon Shift Energy

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Explore how insulin stores glucose and how glucagon releases it. Learn how pancreatic hormones help high school students understand blood sugar balance.

How Insulin and Glucagon Shift Energy | JoVE K12

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Nervous System

How Insulin and Glucagon Shift Energy

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