Name: planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:20:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

Les planctomycètes sont classés en deux ordres : les planctomycètes et les brocadiales. Ces bactéries à Gram négatif présentent des caractéristiques uniques. Ils se divisent par bourgeonnement. Certains ont des tiges ou des appendices, tandis que d’autres forment des arrangements cellulaires en forme de rosette. Certaines espèces possèdent une couche S dans leur enveloppe cellulaire. Tous les Planctomycètes présentent des compartiments intracellulaires ressemblant à des organites eucaryotes. Ils produisent des structures spécialisées appelées pirellulosomes, qui sont des compartiments non unitaires entourés d’une membrane contenant le nucléoïde, les ribosomes et d’autres composants cytoplasmiques. Dans le genre Gemmata, le nucléoïde est en outre entouré par des invaginations de la membrane cellulaire, formant une structure entourée d’une véritable membrane unitaire. Le genre Isosphaera est une bactérie filamenteuse et planante que l’on trouve dans les sources chaudes. Un autre compartiment remarquable, l’anammoxosome, se trouve chez les membres de l’ordre des Brocadiales, tels que Brocadia anammoxidans. L’anammoxosome facilite l’oxydation anaérobie de l’ammoniac - une forme de chimiolithoautotrophie. L’hydrazine intermédiaire toxique de cette réaction est contenue dans sa membrane lipidique unique, protégeant les composants cytoplasmiques.

phylum bactérien planctomycetes

Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes 

Les Planctomycetes sont un groupe de bact&#233;ries morphologiquement distinctes, principalement class&#233;es en deux ordres : Planctomycetales et Brocadiales. Ces bact&#233;ries &#224; Gram n&#233;gatif pr&#233;sentent des caract&#233;ristiques uniques, notamment une division par bourgeonnement et la pr&#233;sence de tiges ou d&#8217;appendices. Leurs cellules se trouvent souvent en arrangements en rosettes, et elles sont remarquables par la pr&#233;sence d&#8217;une couche S dans leur enveloppe cellulaire, caract&#233;ristique relativement rare chez les bact&#233;ries. De plus, les Planctomycetes pr&#233;sentent fr&#233;quemment des compartiments intracellulaires &#233;voquant ceux des cellules eucaryotes.
Alors que les procaryotes et les eucaryotes diff&#232;rent g&#233;n&#233;ralement de mani&#232;re significative dans leur organisation cellulaire, les Planctomycetes remettent en question cette distinction en d&#233;montrant une compartimentation cellulaire. Les cellules eucaryotes poss&#232;dent un noyau entour&#233; d&#8217;une membrane, tandis que l&#8217;ADN des procaryotes est regroup&#233; en un nucl&#233;o&#239;de dans le cytoplasme. Toutefois, les Planctomycetes produisent des structures sp&#233;cialis&#233;es appel&#233;es &#171; pirellulosomes &#187;, des compartiments non d&#233;limit&#233;s par une membrane unitaire, contenant le nucl&#233;o&#239;de, les ribosomes et d&#8217;autres composants cytoplasmiques.
Le cycle de vie de Planctomyces implique une division par bourgeonnement. Les cellules mobiles (swarmer) s&#8217;attachent &#224; une surface, d&#233;veloppent une tige au site d&#8217;attachement, et produisent une nouvelle cellule &#224; l&#8217;oppos&#233; par bourgeonnement. Cette cellule fille d&#233;veloppe ensuite un flagelle, se d&#233;tache de la cellule m&#232;re, et initie un nouveau cycle. Physiologiquement, les esp&#232;ces de Planctomyces sont des a&#233;robies facultatives capables de cro&#238;tre par respiration ou fermentation des sucres. Elles sont pr&#233;sentes dans divers milieux aquatiques, y compris les &#233;cosyst&#232;mes d&#8217;eau douce et marins. Le genre Isosphaera, apparent&#233; &#224; Planctomyces, est une bact&#233;rie filamenteuse et glissante isol&#233;e dans les sources chaudes. L&#8217;isolement de Planctomyces et de ses apparent&#233;s n&#233;cessite g&#233;n&#233;ralement des milieux pauvres en nutriments.
Dans certains genres, comme Gemmata, le nucl&#233;o&#239;de est en outre d&#233;limit&#233; par des invaginations de la membrane cellulaire, formant une structure entour&#233;e par une v&#233;ritable membrane unitaire. Malgr&#233; cette complexit&#233; structurelle, l&#8217;ADN reste sous forme circulaire, ferm&#233;e de mani&#232;re covalente et superenroul&#233;e, typique des g&#233;nomes bact&#233;riens.
Un compartiment additionnel remarquable, l&#8217;anammoxosome, est observ&#233; chez les membres de l&#8217;ordre des Brocadiales, tels que Brocadia anammoxidans. Cette structure permet l&#8217;oxydation ana&#233;robie de l&#8217;ammoniac et est prot&#233;g&#233;e par une membrane lipidique unique qui pr&#233;vient les dommages caus&#233;s par les interm&#233;diaires toxiques produits lors de ce processus m&#233;tabolique.
Planctomyces est l&#8217;un des genres les plus &#233;tudi&#233;s au sein du phylum. &#192; l&#8217;instar de la bact&#233;rie p&#233;doncul&#233;e Caulobacter, Planctomyces poss&#232;de une tige, mais sa structure est constitu&#233;e uniquement de prot&#233;ines, sans paroi cellulaire ni cytoplasme. La tige agit principalement comme un m&#233;canisme d&#8217;attachement et est plus fine que la tige prosth&#233;qu&#233;e de Caulobacter.

Phylum bactérien Planctomycetes

Les Planctomycetes sont un groupe de bact&#233;ries morphologiquement distinctes, principalement class&#233;es en deux ordres : Planctomycetales et ...

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planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle

Planctomycetes are a group of gram-negative bacteria known for unusual cell structures and a distinctive life cycle. They are mainly placed in two orders, Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. Many cells show stalks or other appendages and often appear in rosette groups.

A key feature of these bacteria is their cell envelope. Planctomycetes have an S-layer, a surface layer that is relatively uncommon in bacteria. They also divide by budding, which is different from the simple cell split seen in many other bacteria.

Planctomycetes are also known for internal compartments that resemble parts of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes usually keep DNA in a nucleoid in the cytoplasm. In Planctomycetes, special compartments called pirellulosomes contain the nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic material.

The life cycle of Planctomyces begins with a motile swarmer cell attaching to a surface. A stalk forms at the attachment site, and a new cell then develops at the opposite pole by budding. The daughter cell grows a flagellum, leaves the mother cell, and starts the cycle again. Planctomyces species are facultative aerobes, so they can grow by respiration or by fermenting sugars, and they live in freshwater and marine environments. Low-nutrient media are usually needed to isolate Planctomyces and its relatives.

Some related bacteria show even more unusual structures. Isosphaera is a filamentous, gliding bacterium found in hot springs. In Gemmata, the nucleoid is further surrounded by membrane invaginations, so it has a true unit membrane around it. Even so, the DNA remains a covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled bacterial genome.

Members of Brocadiales include Brocadia anammoxidans, which has an anammoxosome. This compartment supports anaerobic oxidation of ammonia and is protected by a special lipid membrane that helps block toxic intermediates made during the process. Planctomyces is one of the best-studied genera in the phylum. It has a stalk like Caulobacter, but the Planctomyces stalk is made of protein only and does not contain cell wall or cytoplasm. Its main role is attachment, and it is thinner than the prosthecal stalk of Caulobacter.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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key terms and concepts

Explore Planctomycetes cell structure, budding division, stalks, and unique compartments like pirellulosomes and anammoxosomes in this high school biology video.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

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Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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