Cardiovascular Risk
Cardiovascular Risk - Related Videos
10:11
Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
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Cited by 45 •
2014
Retinal image analysis is an unobtrusive procedure for visualizing the microcirculation. The impact of cardiovascular disease risk factors can result in changes of retinal vessel calibers. The procedures to acquire fundus images and the steps for calculating the vessel calibers are described.
19:15
Assessment and Evaluation of the High Risk Neonate: The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale
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Cited by 40 •
2014
The NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) was developed as an assessment for the at-risk infant. The purpose of this article is to describe the NNNS, provide video examples of the NNNS procedures and discuss the ways in which the exam has been used.
01:35
Types of Risk: Systematic Risk
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2024
Systematic risk is inherent to the market and reflects the impact of economic, financial, and geopolitical factors. It affects the entire market rather than specific stocks or industries. This type of risk is unavoidable and cannot be mitigated through diversification. Market risk refers to the possibility that the overall stock market will decline, impacting the value of all investments. This risk is often driven by macroeconomic factors such as economic recessions, financial crises, or global...
01:30
Types of Risk: Unsystematic Risk
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2024
Unsystematic risk refers to the uncertainty associated with individual companies or specific sectors rather than the entire stock market or economy. There are four main types of unsystematic risks: Business risk involves the operational challenges within a company. These risks stem from factors such as production issues, supply chain disruptions, or changes in consumer preferences. For example, if a company faces a significant problem in its supply chain, its stock prices might drop. This risk...
01:29
Risk Neutral and Risk Loving
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2025
Individuals make decisions based on their preferences toward risk. A risk-neutral person has constant marginal utility of income. This means that each additional unit of income provides the same increase in satisfaction. Suppose two jobs have the same expected income. However, one job provides a fixed salary which is certain, while the other offers an uncertain salary. A risk-neutral person values both options equally because their total expected utility from each is the same. Therefore, they...
FAQs
Endothelial injury disrupts the inner lining of blood vessels, creating conditions that favor cholesterol accumulation and inflammation. These changes contribute to the development of atherosclerotic plaque, which can narrow or obstruct blood vessels as it progresses. High blood pressure, smoking, abnormal blood lipids, and diabetes can promote this biological pathway, linking measurable risk factors with vascular damage.
Atherosclerotic plaque can remain present before causing an acute event, but rupture changes the situation by triggering thrombosis, or blood-clot formation. The resulting clot may obstruct blood flow and contribute to a heart attack or stroke. This mechanism explains why cardiovascular risk reflects not only gradual plaque development but also the possibility of a sudden, flow-limiting complication.
No single measurement captures the combined effects of vascular, metabolic, behavioral, and inherited influences. Assessment therefore considers factors such as age, family history, blood pressure, glucose, lipid levels, smoking, and diabetes. Combining these variables provides an estimate of future disease probability that is more informative for prevention and treatment decisions than considering one factor in isolation.
Common inputs include age, family history, blood pressure, glucose levels, and lipid levels, together with major contributors such as smoking and diabetes. These measurements connect clinical observations to biological processes including endothelial injury, inflammation, cholesterol accumulation, and plaque formation. Their combined interpretation helps characterize an individual's future probability of cardiovascular disease rather than describing only current symptoms.
Risk estimates help identify people who may benefit from preventive attention and support decisions about treatment. They also provide a framework for relating measurable factors, such as blood pressure or lipid levels, to the biological processes that damage vessels. In clinical research, this information helps evaluate how changes in physiology, behavior, or other risk factors may influence cardiovascular outcomes.
A biological perspective connects cardiovascular risk with the interaction of genetics, behavior, and physiology. Researchers can examine how inherited differences, exposures such as smoking, and measurements such as glucose, lipids, or blood pressure relate to endothelial injury, inflammation, and plaque formation. This integrated view supports investigation of why disease probability varies among individuals and how prevention may be targeted.