Name: water phase changes and ice density
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:00.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

States of Water

ניתן למצוא חומרים רבים, כגון מים, באחד משלושה מצבים:מוצק, נוזל, או גז, בהתאם למערכת היחסים בין כוחות המשיכה המולקולריים לבין האנרגיה הקינטית. לדוגמה, פאזת המוצק, קרח, מתרחשת כשהטמפרטורה יורדת לאפס מעלות צלזיוס או נמוך יותר ומפחיתה את האנרגיה הקינטית. קשרי מימן נוצרים בין מולקולות ויוצרים מבנה סריגי.על-ידי העלאת הטמפרטורה, אנרגיה קינטית מתווספת מחדש ורבים מן הקשרים יכולים כעת להיפרד, נקודת ההתכה בין מוצקים ונוזלים. בפאזה זו, מולקולות כל הזמן יוצרות ושוברות קשרים ביניהן. העלאת הטמפרטורה ל-100 מעלות צלזיוס ומעלה גורמת לאידוי של מים, מה שמשבש את כל הקשרים ומאפשר תנועה חופשית במצב גזי.אם הטמפרטורה יורדת, הגז יכול לחזור למצב נוזל, תהליך המכונה עיבוי. גזים יכולים גם לעבור ישירות למצב מוצק ב‫דילוג על מצב נוזלי בתהליך הנקרא ריבוץ, וכך נוצרים פתיתי שלג. ההפך מכך, סובלימציה מתאר כיצד מוצקים עוברים ישירות אל מצב של גז, כפי שקורה בייבוש בהקפאה של מזונות רבים.

מצבי המים

<div style="direction:rtl">מים קיימים בכל אחד משלושת המצבים הקלאסיים: מוצק (קרח), נוזל (מים) וגז (קיטור או אדי מים). מצב המים תלוי ב-i) הכוחות הבין-מולקולריים השואבים מולקולות יחדיו וב-ii) האנרגיה הקינטית שמובילה לתנועות שמרחיקות אותן. מים קופאים כאשר הכוחות הבין-מולקולריים גדולים מהאנרגיה הקינטית. בניגוד לרוב החומרים האחרים, המים צפופים פחות במצבם המוצק מאשר במצבם הנוזלי. הסיבה לכך היא שכל מולקולת מים יכולה ליצור קשרי מימן עם ארבע מולקולות, וליצור מבנה טטרהדרלי. תכונה זו מאפשרת לקרח לצוף על מים נוזליים. ללא הקרח הצף, גופי מים היו קופאים מלמטה למעלה, והורגים צורות חיים מימיות. כאשר אנרגיה קינטית מופעלת על קרח בצורה של חום, קרח נמס למים נוזליים. במצב זה, קשרי מימן בין מולקולות מים נשברים כל הזמן ונוצרים שוב. כאשר קרח נמס, טמפרטורת המים נשארת בנקודת ההיתוך עד שכל המים נוזלים. רק אז טמפרטורת המים תעלה. כאשר האנרגיה הקינטית עולה על הכוחות הבין-מולקולריים, המים הופכים לאדים. תהליך יצירת הקיטור ממים נוזליים נקרא אידוי. עלייה באנרגיה הקינטית יכולה להתרחש בתוך המדגם, כמו בהרתחה, או על פני השטח כאשר מים מתאדים. סובלימציה היא התהליך שבו גז נוצר ישירות ממוצק מבלי לעבור תחילה שלב נוזלי. מעבר זה תלוי בלחץ אטמוספרי נמוך, המגביר את ההשפעות של אנרגיה קינטית. כאשר האנרגיה הקינטית פוחתת, קיטור יכול לעבור לנוזל בתהליך הנקרא עיבוי או ישירות למוצק בתהליך הנקרא תגובת שיקוע. עיבוי מוביל לגשם וריבוץ לשלג. בחיפוש אחר כוכבי לכת אחרים, הנוכחות של מים היא מאפיין מכריע, במיוחד בצורה נוזלית, מכיוון שהחיים על פני כדור הארץ החלו במים. אנקלדוס, הוא ירח מכוסה קרח של שבתאי שיש לו תלוליות מים או גייזרים על הקוטב הדרומי שלו. דבר זה יצר בתחילה ויכוחים רבים בשאלה האם לאנקלודס יש מים נוזליים מתחת לקרח, מכיוון שהתגלו שהתלוליות נושאות גם קיטור וגם קרח. עם זאת, מסלולו של הירח סביב שבתאי ורמזים אחרים מרמזים על נוכחות של אוקיינוס נוזלי עצום באנקלדוס, מה שהופך אותו לבעל אפשרות להתיישבות אנושית.
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מים קיימים בכל אחד משלושת המצבים הקלאסיים: מוצק (קרח), נוזל (מים) וגז (קיטור או אדי מים). מצב המים תלוי ב i) את ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

ביולוגיה

Fundamentals

יסודות

Chemistry of Life

כימיה של החיים

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

water phase changes and ice density

Water changes between solid, liquid, and gas states as temperature and molecular motion change. In this lesson, the focus is on how water freezes, melts, vaporizes, and returns to liquid or solid form. The balance between intermolecular forces, which pull molecules together, and kinetic energy, which pushes them apart, controls each state.

Water freezes when intermolecular forces become stronger than kinetic energy. Unlike most substances, ice is less dense than liquid water. This happens because each water molecule can form hydrogen bonds with four neighbors and build a tetrahedral structure. That lower density is why ice floats on liquid water.

Floating ice matters for life in ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water. If ice sank, those waters would freeze from the bottom up. That would make survival much harder for aquatic life. When heat is added to ice, it melts into liquid water, and hydrogen bonds keep breaking and forming again.

During melting, the temperature stays at the melting point until all of the ice becomes liquid. Only after that does the water temperature rise. When kinetic energy becomes greater than intermolecular forces, liquid water turns into vapor. This change is called vaporization. It can happen inside the sample during boiling or at the surface during evaporation.

Water can also change directly from solid to gas in a process called sublimation. This needs low atmospheric pressure, along with the effect of increased kinetic energy. When energy decreases, steam can become liquid again by condensation. Steam can also change directly into solid water by deposition. Condensation leads to rain, and deposition leads to snow.

Water is also important in the search for planets that could support life. Liquid water is especially important because life on Earth began in water. Enceladus, an ice-covered moon of Saturn, has water plumes or geysers near its southern pole. The plumes contain both steam and ice, which first raised questions about liquid water under the ice. Later clues, including its orbit around Saturn, suggest a large liquid ocean under the surface and possible conditions for life.

Water Phase Changes and Ice Density

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Periodic Table Basics for Living Things

The periodic table helps explain which elements living things need and how those elements are related. Elements are the smallest units of matter that cannot be broken down further by chemical processes. There are 118 known elements, but not all occur naturally, and even fewer are essential for life. Living matter is made mostly of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen. Together, these elements make up most of the human body and are also found in all life on Earth. Smaller amounts of calcium,...

atomic structure

Atoms and Their Subatomic Particles

Atoms are the smallest units of elements, and they make up all matter. Each atom contains three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These particles give an atom its mass and its charge. The idea that matter is made of tiny particles goes back to Democritus, a Greek philosopher around 450 B.C. He used the word atomos, which means “indivisible.” The idea was not accepted at the time, but it returned many centuries later. In the 19th century, John Dalton proposed an atomic...

isotopes

Atomic Mass and Isotope Basics

Atomic mass and isotopes are linked by the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. The number of protons sets an element’s atomic number, or Z. For example, every atom with eight protons is oxygen. Atoms of the same element can still differ because they can have different numbers of neutrons. The mass number, or A, is the total of protons and neutrons. Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have several isotopes. Carbon-12, carbon-13,...

electron behavior

Electron Shells and Valence Electrons

Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that occupy regions around the positively charged nucleus of an atom. Their location is linked to energy levels called shells. They are also grouped into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell. An electron’s shell shows its general energy level. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy, while electrons farther away have more energy. The sub-shell gives a more exact location and energy level. An orbital is the shape of the region...

electron orbital model

Electron Orbitals and Energy Levels

Electron orbitals show where electrons are most likely to be found around the atomic nucleus. They also help explain energy levels, orbital shapes, and three-dimensional orientation. In an atom, electron location is described first by a shell, or principal energy level. It is then described by a subshell within that shell and by the individual orbitals inside each subshell. The first shell is closest to the nucleus. It has only one subshell and one spherical orbital, called the 1s orbital.

covalent bonds

Electronegativity and Covalent Bond Polarity

Covalent bonds form when two atoms share electrons to fill their valence shells. The way those shared electrons are pulled depends on electronegativity, which is an atom’s ability to attract electrons in a bond. When atoms have similar electronegativities, they form nonpolar covalent bonds. When their electronegativities differ, the bond is polar because the electrons are shared unevenly. The number of covalent bonds an atom can make depends on its valence electrons. Oxygen has six valence...

ionic bonds

Ionic Compounds and Electrolytes

Ionic compounds form when atoms gain or lose electrons to reach a more stable electron configuration. The charged particles that result are called ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions. The most reactive elements include those with one valence electron, such as potassium, and those that need one more valence electron, such as chlorine. Ions that lose electrons become positive cations. Ions that gain electrons become negative anions. Cations and anions...

hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

Hydrogen bonds in water are weak attractions between atoms that are already part of other chemical bonds. One atom is electronegative, such as oxygen, and carries a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that is bonded to another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge. These attractions form because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen. The electrons in that bond are shared unequally.

van der waals interactions

Intermolecular Forces in Polar Solutions

Intermolecular forces are the attractions and repulsions that act between atoms and molecules. These electrostatic forces come from particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. For neutral atoms and molecules, the main types are ion-dipole, dipole-dipole, and dispersion forces, which are together called van der Waals forces. Polar molecules have a partial positive end and a partial negative end. That separation of charge creates a dipole. In water, oxygen is more electronegative...

elements and compounds

Elements, Compounds, and Bonding

Elements and compounds are the two main kinds of pure substances. A pure substance contains only one kind of matter. An element contains only one type of atom. A compound contains two or more types of atoms joined by a chemical bond. Elements can be atomic or molecular, depending on their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties. Ordinary chemical reactions cannot break an element into a smaller substance. There are 118 elements, but only 98...

molecular shapes

Electron Geometry and Lone Pairs

Electron geometry and lone pairs help explain why molecules take specific shapes. The arrangement of electron groups around a central atom controls the molecular geometry. Valence electrons form bonding pairs, which sit mainly between bonded atoms, or lone pairs, which belong to one atom only. Electron pairs in the valence shell spread out to reduce repulsion. They do this by maximizing the distance between one another. A diatomic molecule has two regions of electron density, and these are...

pH Scale in Everyday Solutions

pH measures how acidic or basic a water-based solution is. It depends on the concentration of hydronium ions, H3O+, in the solution. In one liter of pure water at neutral pH, there are 1×10−7 moles of hydronium ions. Because hydronium ion levels can vary over a very wide range, measuring pH directly in moles is not practical. The pH scale converts hydronium ion concentration into a negative logarithm. Pure water has a pH of 7 and is neutral. Most solutions fall between 0 and 14, but some, such...

chemical reactions

Atoms, Bonds, and Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions rearrange atoms to form new substances. In a reaction, the starting materials are called reactants, and the new substances are called products. The atoms stay the same type and number, but their bonds change, so the substances become different compounds. During a chemical reaction, bonds between atoms break and form again. This means the shared electrons are rearranged. Some reactions happen on their own, while others need an energy source such as heat or light. In biology,...

redox reactions

Electron Transfer in Redox

Redox reactions are chemical reactions that involve electron transfer between atoms or molecules. When one particle gains electrons, another must lose them at the same time. That is why oxidation and reduction always happen together. The two roles in a redox reaction are linked. The atom that is oxidized acts as the reducing agent, or reductant. The atom that is reduced acts as the oxidizing agent, or oxidant. A simple way to remember the ideas is OIL-RIG, which means oxidation is losing...

cohesion

Water Molecules and Surface Tension

Water molecules stick to each other through cohesion. Water is neutral overall, but it is a polar molecule. The oxygen atom in one water molecule has a partial negative charge, and it can bind with a hydrogen atom that has a partial positive charge in another water molecule. This forms a hydrogen bond. Each water molecule can form up to four hydrogen bonds with other water molecules, and these bonds give water its cohesive nature. Cohesion helps water form droplets on a surface. Water does not...

adhesion

Water Climbing by Adhesion

Water can climb or stick to surfaces because of adhesion, which is the attraction between different kinds of molecules. In water, this is easy to see on polar surfaces such as glass or cellulose in plants. The positive hydrogen side of water is more attracted to the negative oxygen in silica than to nearby water molecules. This attraction helps explain capillary action. If a narrow glass tube is placed in a beaker of water, water molecules attach to the tube’s surface and the water level rises.

states of water

Water changes between solid, liquid, and gas states as temperature and molecular motion change. In this lesson, the focus is on how water freezes, melts, vaporizes, and returns to liquid or solid form. The balance between intermolecular forces, which pull molecules together, and kinetic energy, which pushes them apart, controls each state. Water freezes when intermolecular forces become stronger than kinetic energy. Unlike most substances, ice is less dense than liquid water. This happens...

specific heat

How Specific Heat Affects Temperature

Specific heat capacity describes how much energy a substance needs to rise by 1 degree Celsius for each gram. It is often written with calories, grams, and degrees Celsius, but it can also be shown in joules, kilograms, and Kelvin. For water, 1 gram needs 1 calorie to increase by 1°C, which is also written as 1 cal/g-°C or 4186 J/kg/K. Water has a high specific heat capacity, so it takes in a large amount of heat before its temperature changes much. It also gives off a lot of heat when it...

vaporization

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the...

solvents

Water as a Biological Solvent

Water acts as a biological solvent in many living systems. A solvent is a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves another substance called a solute. When a solvent and a solute mix, they form a solution, which is a uniform mixture of both parts. Water is called a universal biological solvent because its polar structure helps it dissolve many other polar compounds. Polarity means that one side of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other side has a slight negative charge.

carbon skeletons

Carbon Backbones in Biomolecules

Carbon backbones give biological molecules their structure and flexibility. Living things are built from macromolecules that contain carbon atoms, and organic compounds are defined by a carbon backbone. Carbon is tetravalent, so each carbon atom can bond with four other atoms. Its valence electrons are stable, so carbon rarely becomes an ion. As carbon chains get longer, they can form ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains. Carbon-carbon bonds create the carbon skeleton.

key terms and concepts

Explore how water changes among ice, liquid water, and vapor, why ice floats, and how condensation, sublimation, and Enceladus fit the story.

Water Phase Changes and Ice Density | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

ESS.EES.3.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-5

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

ES.8

ES.8.d

Arizona Science Standards

HS+E.E1

HS+E.E1U1.5

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry

CHEM.7

CHEM.7.D

Alabama Course of Study Science

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.b

Next Generation Science Standards

Florida Department of Education

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.12

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS2-5.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Earth and Space Sciences

HS-ESS2-5.

myJoVE Corporation

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Conditions on Early Earth

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins ...

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14711.jpg

Analyze and interpret data to explain how volcanic activity influences changes in Earth's atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.

ESS.EES.2.5

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the ...

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). ...

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent ...

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another ...

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such ...

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar ...

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. ...

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

Carry out investigations to explain the properties of water.

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Water Phase Changes and Ice Density

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