Name: small and large intestine functions
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Anatomy of the Intestines

המעי הדק והמעי הגס אחראים לספיגת חומרים מזינים ומים. בעוד המעי הדק הוא צר למדי, אורכו הוא בסביבות 7 מטרים והוא דחוס לתוך חלל הבטן. עיסה מגיעה תחילה לתריסריון, ואז עוברת לחלק האמצעי והארוך ביותר, המעי הריק.כאן, הריפוד הפנימי מכיל קפלים ריריים שמכוסים סיסים דמויי אצבעות. לשכבה העליונה של תאי אפיתל יש שלוחות ציטופלזמיות הנקראות סיסונים. שלושת המבנים הללו מגדילים את פני השטח של המעי הדק כדי להבטיח כי חומרים מזינים נספגים באופן מיטבי.בסוף המעי הדק נמצא המעי העקום, אשר מתחבר למעי הגס בשסתום האילאו-צקאלי. בחלק הראשון של המעי הגס, המעי העיוור, אין קפלים או סיסים. במקום זאת, זהו משכן למערכת אקולוגית גדולה של חיידקים שמבצעים את השלבים הסופיים של העיכול:פירוק של תאית בתחתית המעי העיוור מתנדנד התוספתן, מבנה לימפטי קטן.מעליו מתחיל המעי הגס העולה, ואחריו המעי הגס הרוחבי, אשר סופג את רוב המים והאלקטרוליטים שנותרו והופך עיסה לצואה. האזורים האחרונים, המעי הגס היורד, המעי הגס העקול, והחלחולת, מאחסנים צואה עד לסילוקה דרך פי הטבעת.

ג'וויט, נורמן ב. "היסטוריה של היווצרות מרה בכבד: בעיות ישנות, גישות חדשות." התקדמות בחינוך לפיזיולוגיה 38, מס '4 (1 בדצמבר 2014): 279–85. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00076.2014">מקור</a>]
שאטי, סודארשאן א., פלור הוגנהולץ, ליאו לאהטי, האוק סמידט ווילם מ. דה ווס. "גינון מיקרוביום המעי: תובנה בהרכבה קהילתית והשלכות על אסטרטגיות אפנון מיקרוביאליות". FEMS Microbiology Reviews 41, no. 2 (מרץ 2017): 182–99. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuw045" target="__blank">מקור</a>]
וון, לי ואנדרו דאפי. "גורמים המשפיעים על המיקרוביוטה של המעי, דלקת וסוכרת מסוג 2." כתב העת לתזונה 147, מס '7 (יולי 2017): 1468S-1475S. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.240754" target="__blank">מקור</a>]

אנטומיה של המעיים

<div style="direction:rtl">למרות שעיכול חלבונים, פחמימות ושומנים עשוי להתחיל בקיבה, הוא מסתיים במעי. ספיגת חומרים מזינים, מים ואלקטרוליטים ממזון ומשקה מתרחשת גם במעי. ניתן לחלק את המעיים לשני איברים מובחנים מבחינה מבנית, המעי הדק והמעי הגס <h4>מעי דק</h4> המעי הדק הוא צינור באורך ~7 ומטר עם קוטר פנימי של 2.5 ס"מ בלבד. מכיוון שרוב חומרי המזון נספגים כאן, הרירית הפנימית של המעי הדק מפותלת מאוד ומכוסה בהרחבות דמויות אצבע הנקראות וילי, כל אחת מכילה מאות מיקרוווילים. הקפלים, הסיסים וה¬מיקרווילי של המעי הדק מגבירים את שטח הפנים של הספיגה פי 60 עד 120. שטח הפנים המוגדל מספק הזדמנות מספקת לספיגת חומרים מזינים. המעי הדק מתחבר לקיבה על ידי סוגר השוער ((pyloric sphincter, אשר נסגר כאשר chyme (מזון מעבוד חלקית) עובר לתוך התריסריון בתחילת המעי הדק. החלק האמצעי של המעי הדק הוא ההמעי הריק. המעי האטום (האילאום) מסתיים במעי הדק, שם הוא נצמד למעי הגס על ידי השסתום האילאו-צקאלי. <h4>המעי הגס</h4> המעי הגס מתחיל במעי העיוור (צקום). התוספתן, מבנה לימפתי קטן, משתלשל מתחתית המעי הגס. מעל הצקום, מתחיל אזור הכרכשת (colon) לאחר מכן נמצא את המעי הגס העולה ואחריו המעי הגס הרוחבי. אלו סופגים את רוב המים והאלקטרוליטים הנותרים מהמזון המעובד, והופכים אותו לצואה. המעי הגס היורד, המעי הגס העקול (סיגמואידי) והרקטום אוגרים צואה עד לסילוק דרך פי הטבעת. בסך הכל אורך המעי הגס כ-1.5 מ' בקוטר פנימי של 4.8 ס"מ. הוא אינו מכיל קפלים וסיסים אך לתאי האפיתל הסופגים יש מיקרוווילים. המעי הגס הוא ביתם של מערכת אקולוגית חיידקית, המבצעת את השלבים האחרונים של פירוק תאית וסיבים, תרכובות שהקיבה והמעי הדק אינם מצוידים לעבד. <h4>מגוון חיידקים</h4> המעי הגס מכיל למעלה מ-700 מינים שונים של חיידקים. גיוון חיידקי נחשב קשור להשמנה ולהתפתחות סוכרת מסוג 2. לאנשים שמנים יש פחות זני חיידקים מאשר לעמיתיהם שאינם שמנים. מגוון חיידקים נמוך נקשר גם לתנגודת לאינסולין. מערכת האקולוגית של חיידקי המעי, המיקרוביוטה של המעי, נוצרת זמן קצר לאחר הלידה, כאשר אותם תינוקות יונקים מפתחים את המיקרוביוטה המעי שלהם מחיידקים הנמצאים בחלב אם. לאחר הלידה, המיקרוביוטה מעוצבת על ידי גנטיקה אינדיבידואלית, תזונה, גיל, מין ומערכת חיסונית. גורמים חיצוניים כמו תזונה, מצב בריאותי, תרופות ומיקום גיאוגרפי משפיעים גם הם באופן משמעותי על המורכבות של מיקרוביוטה של המעי.</div>

למרות העיכול של חלבונים, פחמימות, שומנים עשוי להתחיל בבטן, הוא הושלם במעי. ספיגת חומרים מזינים, מים, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

ביולוגיה

Human Biology

ביולוגיה אנושית

Nutrition and Digestion

תזונה ועיכול

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

small and large intestine functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination.

The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of microvilli, and the folds, villi, and microvilli increase the surface area for absorption by 60 to 120 times.

The small intestine connects to the stomach through the pyloric sphincter. When chyme moves into the duodenum, which is the start of the small intestine, this sphincter closes off. The middle section is the jejunum, and the ileum is the final part. The ileum joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve.

The large intestine begins at the cecum. The appendix, a small lymphatic structure, hangs from the bottom of the cecum. Above it are the ascending colon and then the transverse colon. These sections absorb most of the remaining water and electrolytes from chyme and help turn it into feces.

The descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum store feces until they leave the body through the anus. The large intestine is about 1.5 m long and has an inner diameter of 4.8 cm. Unlike the small intestine, it does not have folds or villi, although its absorptive epithelial cells do have microvilli.

The large intestine also supports a bacterial ecosystem that carries out the final stages of digestion. These bacteria can break down cellulose and fiber, which the stomach and small intestine are not well equipped to process. The large intestine contains over 700 different species of bacteria, and this diversity may be linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes. People with obesity tend to have fewer bacterial strains than people who are not obese, and low diversity has also been associated with insulin resistance.

The gut biome is established shortly after birth. Babies who are breastfed develop it from bacteria present in breast milk. After birth, genetics, diet, age, sex, and the immune system help shape the biome. External factors such as diet, health status, medications, and geographical location also affect how complex the gut biome becomes.

Small and Large Intestine Functions

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the small and large intestines absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes, and learn how gut bacteria help finish digestion in high school biology.

Small and Large Intestine Functions | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.45

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

myJoVE Corporation

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Structural Organization of the Human Body: An Overview

It is convenient to consider the body&#39;s structures in terms of fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity: subatomic particles, ...

Tissues

Tissues are a group of cells that share a common embryonic origin. Microscopic observation reveals that the cells in a tissue share morphological features ...

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Mitochondria

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

Introduction to Cytoskeleton

What are Membranes?

1. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain how differences in cellular structure (mitochondria, cytoskeletal structure, endoplasmic reticulum, cell membrane) lead to differences in the function and organization of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous).

9-12.HA.1.1

Introduction to the Integumentary System

The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a ...

Cells of the Epidermis

The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the ...

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the &#34;core&#34; of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and ...

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-sweat-glands

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the ...

accessory-structures-of-the-skin-hair-and-hair-follicles

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. ...

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal ...

2. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to describe how the structures of the integumentary system and its accessory organs contribute to its function. Examples: how the layers of the skin contribute to homeostasis, the role of glands in thermoregulation and in hydration of skin and mucous membranes, the protective functions of hair and nails

9-12.HA.1.2

Thermoregulation

The body regulates core temperature through negative feedback mechanisms.
When the core temperature drops, thermoreceptors send signals to the ...

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal ...

Surface Membrane Barriers

Surface barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes are the body&#39;s initial defense against pathogens, offering physical and chemical protection.
...

a. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the integumentary system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain how changes in vessel diameter and evaporation of water over the skin contribute to thermoregulation (cardiovascular). Explain how sweat is used to excrete nitrogenous waste from the blood (cardiovascular). Explain how the skin and mucous membranes create a barrier against infection (immune system).

9-12.HA.1.2.a

Introduction to the Skeletal System

The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components ...

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four ...

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions&#8212;the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central ...

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the ...

Joints

Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and ...

3. Develop and use a model to illustrate how the structures of the skeletal system contribute to its function. Examples: Create a diagram or 3D model to illustrate bone shape, joint types, and bones in the appendicular and axial skeletons. Use models to illustrate the role of the skeletal system in movements around joints, support of a body structure, and protection of soft tissues.

9-12.HA.1.3

bone-formation-by-endochondral-ossification

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template ...

bone-formation-by-intramembranous-ossification

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the ...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

a. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information describing the growth and development of the skeletal system.

9-12.HA.1.3.a

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical ...

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone ...

The Bone Matrix

Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt ...

Overview of Hematopoiesis

Hematopoiesis, or hemopoiesis, is the production of the formed elements in blood from common progenitors, called hematopoietic stem cells, or HSCs.
During ...

b. Construct an explanation of the relationships between the skeletal system and other organ systems, including the body's mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. Examples: Explain the role of spongy bone in hematopoiesis (cardiovascular system) and leukopoiesis (immune system). Explain how the storage of minerals in bone contributes to homeostasis.

9-12.HA.1.3.b

The Muscular System

The muscular system includes the skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles that coordinate with each other to carry out functions like movement, digestion, ...

Naming Skeletal Muscles

Skeletal muscle names are based on various factors, such as location, physical traits, and functions.
Often, muscle names indicate their location. For ...

Muscle Coordination and Action

The skeletal muscles can coordinate, oppose, or assist each other to facilitate voluntary body movements.
Depending on their function, a muscle or group ...

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of ...

4. Develop and build a three-dimensional model to illustrate the structures of the muscular system, including muscle locations, origins, and insertions, and explain their roles in movement and support. Example: Design and build a model of a lever to illustrate the relationship between bones and muscles and explain their roles in body movement and support.

9-12.HA.1.4

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles

Each skeletal muscle is composed of multiple bundles of elongated multinucleated muscle cells or muscle fibers.
These cells are enclosed by a plasma ...

The Sarcomere

A sarcomere is mainly made up of two types of filaments&#8212; thin filaments containing actin, troponin, and tropomyosin and thick filaments containing ...

excitation-contraction-coupling-in-skeletal-muscles

Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscles

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur between generating an action potential and initiating a muscle contraction. It occurs at ...

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions ...

a. Model the cellular physiology of skeletal muscle, including how the cell functions in muscle contraction and relaxation. Example: Use straws and paper to create a model of a sarcomere to illustrate how the fibers move during contraction and relaxation.

9-12.HA.1.4.a

Muscle Recovery and Fatigue

Any intense physical activity escalates the ATP demand in the muscles.
As contractions become vigorous, the compressed blood vessels impair the ...

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

Depending on the demand, motor neurons control the strength of a muscle&#39;s contraction by altering the frequency of action potentials delivered to the ...

b. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to explain muscle fatigue and tone in terms of muscle cell physiology.

9-12.HA.1.4.b

Organization of the Nervous System

The nervous system is the primary control and communication center of the body.
The nervous system can be divided into two major categories&#8212;the ...

functional-divisions-of-the-nervous-system

Functional Divisions of the Nervous System

The nervous system senses, integrates, and responds to various stimuli. Based on bodily control, the central nervous system cannot be divided ...

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The human brain is a complex organ consisting of four main parts &#8212; the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brainstem.
The cerebrum ...

peripheral-nervous-system-ganglia-and-nerves

Peripheral Nervous System: Ganglia and Nerves

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
Each nerve has an outermost connective tissue layer called the ...

5. Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information explaining the relationship between the structures and functions of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

9-12.HA.1.5

Action Potential

Neurons communicate by firing action potentials&#8212;the electrochemical signal that is propagated along the axon. The signal results in the release of ...

Propagation of Action Potentials

The Propagation of an action potential is the process by which a nerve impulse is transmitted along the axon. It is a self-propagating process; once ...

Action Potential: Phases of Stimulation

The action potential is a complex electrical event that occurs in excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. It consists of several distinct ...

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

a. Use a model to illustrate the role of action potentials in neural transmission. Clarification: Discussions of sodium-potassium pumps and ion channels are not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.a

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the ...

Reflex Activity

A reflex is a quick and automatic response to a stimulus, like pulling your hand away from heat or lifting your foot off a sharp object.&#160;&#160;
A ...

Introduction to Special Senses

Humans have five special senses&#8212;vision, smell, taste, hearing, and equilibrium. All these senses have anatomically distinct receptors to detect ...

b. Construct an explanation of the role of reflex arcs, the central nervous system, and special senses in the response to stimuli to maintain homeostasis and guide behavior. Example: smelling a strong odor initiating a sneeze response using a reflex arc; pupil diameter changing in relation to the amount of light entering the eye Clarification: Discussion of the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.b

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be ...

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because ...

The Synapse

Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange ...

c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

9-12.HA.1.5.c

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

The limbic system is a functional brain region consisting of specific parts of the diencephalon and cerebrum.
The limbic lobe of the cerebral cortex ...

d. Obtain, evaluate, and summarize scientific findings regarding the biological origin of emotions and memories in distinct regions of the brain. Examples: the role of the frontal lobe in emotional regulation, the regulation of fear response by the amygdala

9-12.HA.1.5.d

Small and Large Intestine Functions

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