Name: cellular respiration: atp production steps
Uploaded: 2025-10-23T11:48:32.000Z
Duration: 1 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.G

Introduction to Cellular Respiration

נשימה תאית היא התהליך הקטבולי שבו מולקולות אורגניות מפורקות ליצירת אנרגיה שמישה על ידי שרשרת מעבר אלקטרונים. תהליך זה דורש חמצן בבני אדם וברוב האורגניזמים האחרים ומייצר פחמן דו-חמצני, מים, חום, ATP ואנרגיה שמישה בצורת. בעוד שמגוון רב של מולקולות אורגניות, סוכרים, חומצות אמינו וליפידים, יכולים לשמש בנשימה תאית, גלוקוז משמש כאב-הטיפוס.לפיכך המשוואה לנשימה תאית היא C6 H12 O6 6O2 6CO2 6H2O אנרגיה, ההפך מפוטוסינתזה. תגובה זו מתרחשת למעשה בשלבים מרובים. גליקוליזה מתרחשת בציטופלזמה, חמצון של פירובט ומחזור חומצת הלימון מתרחשים במיטוכונדריה, וזרחון חמצוני מתרחש מעל לקרום הפנימי של מיטוכונדריה.יחד, התהליכים האלו מפעילים פעילויות תאיות, החל מתנועת שוטונים, התכווצות שרירים, ועד לפירוק מולקולות ATP אורגניות לייצור.

מבוא לנשימה תאית

<div style="direction:rtl">אורגניזמים קוטפים אנרגיה ממזון, אך לא ניתן להשתמש באנרגיה זו ישירות על ידי תאים. תאים ממירים את האנרגיה האצורה ברכיבי תזונה לצורה שמישה יותר: אדנוזין טריפוספט (ATP). ATP אוגר אנרגיה בקשרים כימיים שניתן לשחרר במהירות בעת הצורך. תאים מייצרים אנרגיה בצורה של ATP בתהליך הנשימה התאית. למרות שהרבה מהאנרגיה מהנשימה התאית משתחררת כחום, חלק ממנה משמש לייצור ATP. במהלך הנשימה התאית, מספר תגובות חימצון-חיזור (חמזור) מעבירות אלקטרונים ממולקולות אורגניות למולקולות אחרות. כאן, חמצון מתייחס לאובדן אלקטרונים והפחתה לרווח אלקטרוני. נושאי האלקטרונים NAD+ ו-FAD וצורותיהם המופחתות, NADH ו-FADH2, בהתאמה, חיוניים למספר שלבים של נשימה תאית. נשימה אירובית דורשת חמצן ויוצרת ATP על ידי פירוק גלוקוז וחמצן לפחמן דו חמצני ומים. חלק מהפרוקריוטים משתמשים בנשימה אנאירובית, שאינה דורשת חמצן. גם הנשימה האירובית וגם האנאירובית מתחילה עם גליקוליזה, שיכולה להתרחש ללא חמצן. הגליקוליזה מפרקת את הגלוקוז לפירובט, וגורמת ל-ATP. בהיעדר חמצן, פירובט מתסיס, מייצר +^NAD להמשך הגליקוליזה. חשוב לציין, מספר סוגי שמרים מבצעים תסיסה אלכוהולית. תאי שריר אנושיים יכולים להשתמש בתסיסה של חומצת חלב כאשר החמצן מתרוקן. נשימה אנאירובית מסתיימת בתסיסה. נשימה אירובית, לעומת זאת, ממשיכה עם חמצון פירובט. חמצון פירובט מייצר אצטיל-CoA, אשר נכנס למחזור חומצת הלימון. מחזור חומצת הלימון מורכב ממספר תגובות חיזור המשחררות את אנרגיית הקשר של אצטיל-CoA, מייצרת ATP ונושאי האלקטרונים המופחתים NADH ו-FADH2. השלב האחרון של הנשימה התאית, זרחון חמצוני, מייצר את רוב ה-ATP. NADH ו-FADH2 מעבירים את האלקטרונים שלהם דרך שרשרת העברת האלקטרונים. שרשרת העברת האלקטרונים משחררת אנרגיה המשמשת להוצאת פרוטונים, ויוצרת שיפוע פרוטונים המאפשר סינתזת ATP. רוב האורגניזמים משתמשים בנשימה אירובית (דורשת חמצן), המייצרת הרבה יותר ATP מאשר נשימה אנאירובית.</div>

אורגניזמים קוצרים אנרגיה ממזון, אך תאים אינם יכולים להשתמש באנרגיה זו ישירות. תאים ממירים את האנרגיה המאוחסנת בחומרים מזינים ל...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

ביולוגיה

Cellular Processes

תהליכים תאיים

Cellular Respiration

נשימה תאית

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

cellular respiration: atp production steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP.

This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their reduced forms NADH and FADH2, play essential roles in several stages of cellular respiration.

Most organisms use aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen and breaks down glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. Some prokaryotes use anaerobic respiration, which does not require oxygen. Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration begin with glycolysis, and glycolysis can happen without oxygen.

Glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvate and produces ATP. If oxygen is missing, pyruvate undergoes fermentation so NAD+ can be regenerated for continued glycolysis. Yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation, while human muscle cells can use lactic acid fermentation when oxygen is low. Anaerobic respiration ends with fermentation.

Aerobic respiration continues after glycolysis with pyruvate oxidation. This step converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle uses several redox reactions to release the bond energy of acetyl-CoA and produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

The final stage is oxidative phosphorylation, which makes most of the ATP. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons through the electron transport chain. The chain releases energy that pumps protons, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis. For most organisms, aerobic respiration produces much more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

cellular-respiration-atp-production-steps

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cells make ATP through glycolysis, fermentation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

3.1.9-12.J

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-7

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

Environmental Science

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Tennessee Academic Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

LS.4

LS.4.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.3

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-5

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.21

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.1

9-12.B.1.5

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-LS2-3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.8

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.A

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-7.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-7.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Botany

SBO1.

Respiration

myJoVE Corporation

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

What is Photosynthesis?

All living organisms on Earth are directly or indirectly dependent on photosynthesis. It is the only biological process that can capture energy from ...

The Anatomy of Chloroplasts

Green algae and plants, including green stems and unripe fruit, harbor specialized organelles called chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis. They ...

Photosystems

Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in ...

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center ...

The Antenna Complex

Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - ...

the-z-scheme-of-electron-transport-in-photosynthesis

The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis

The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of ...

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, ...

Photosynthesis

Autotrophs

Almost all living organisms on Earth depend on photosynthesis, which is the process that converts sunlight energy into a simple sugar called ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography and Floating Leaf Discs in a Vacuum
ExpandOn the day before the experiment, fill a container with water.
Place the spinach ...

Plant Pigment Chromatography
ExpandNOTE: In this experiment you will separate pigments from spinach leaves using chromatography paper. Individual pigments ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use a model to illustrate how photosynthesis transforms light energy into stored chemical energy.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific biochemical steps.

3.1.9-12.E

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Overview of Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are the primary macronutrients in the human diet. However, carbohydrates are the most favored source of energy in the ...

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

In organisms, proteins are the most abundant macromolecules. They act as the building blocks of life and play various crucial roles in the body. Proteins ...

Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Amino acids

Amino acids are the monomers that comprise proteins. Each amino acid has the same fundamental structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, or the ...

Peptide Bonds

A peptide bond covalently attaches amino acids through a dehydration reaction. One amino acid&#39;s carboxyl group and another amino acid&#39;s amino ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group ...

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Energy Dynamics

The Food Chain
Energy is one of the most important abiotic factors in an ecosystem and organisms in an ecosystem are connected by the flow of energy and ...

Production Efficiency

Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates ...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements to form amino acids and/or other large carbon-based molecules.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the details of specific chemical reactions or identification of macromolecules.

3.1.9-12.F

Organisms harvest energy from food, but this energy cannot be directly used by cells. Cells convert the energy stored in nutrients into a more usable ...

What is Glycolysis?

Overview
Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts &#34;food energy&#34; (from the ...

Energy-requiring Steps of Glycolysis

Glucose is the source of nearly all energy used by organisms. The first step of converting glucose into usable energy is called glycolysis. Glycolysis ...

Energy-releasing Steps of Glycolysis

Glycolysis is divided into two phases based on whether energy is utilized or released. While the first phase consumes ATP, the second phase produces ...

Students who demonstrate understanding can use a model to illustrate that cellular respiration is a chemical process whereby the bonds of food molecules and oxygen molecules are broken and the bonds in new compounds are formed resulting in a net transfer of energy.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment should not include identification of the steps or specific processes involved in cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards