Name: human survival needs in the body
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Requirements for Human Life

גוף האדם זקוק לגורמים שונים, כגון מזון, חמצן ומים, כמו גם לטווח בטוח של תנאים פיזיים, כולל טמפרטורת הגוף ולחץ אטמוספרי להישרדות.
מזון מתעכל לתוך חומרים מזינים כגון פחמימות, חלבונים, שומנים, ויטמינים ומינרלים. חומרים מזינים אלה מספקים אנרגיה והם חיוניים לצמיחה והתפתחות אנושית. 
חמצן מסייע לייצר את האנרגיה הדרושה לתפקודים פיזיולוגיים שונים, באמצעות תגובות חמצון. ללא חמצן, הגוף יכול לשרוד רק כמה דקות.
מים הם חלק מתגובות ביוכימיות שונות בגוף ומספקים מדיום לתהליכים שונים, כגון הפרשות הגוף. זה חייב להיות משוחזר באופן קבוע כדי לפצות על המים שאבדו באמצעות הזעה או השתנה.
טמפרטורת גוף של כ-36 עד 37 מעלות צלזיוס נדרשת עבור האנזימים המניעים תגובות ביוכימיות. טמפרטורות גבוהות או נמוכות מטווח זה משבשות תגובות אלה.
הלחץ האטמוספרי המופעל על הגוף שומר על הגזים שבתוכו מומסים. בתנאים כגון גבהים גבוהים, הלחץ האטמוספרי יורד,משפיע על הנשימה ועל חילופי הגזים בריאות.

דרישות לחיי אדם

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כדור הארץ והאטמוספירה שלו סיפקו לבני האדם אוויר, מים ומזון, אך אלו אינן הדרישות היחידות להישרדות. בני אדם גם דורשים טווח ספציפי של טמפרטורה ולחץ שכדור הארץ והאטמוספירה שלו מספקים.

חמצן

אוויר אטמוספרי מכיל רק כ-20 אחוז חמצן, אך החמצן הזה הוא מרכיב מרכזי בתגובות הכימיות השומרות את הגוף בחיים, כולל התגובות שמייצרות ATP. תאי מוח רגישים למחסור בחמצן מכיוון שהם דורשים ייצור ATP גבוה ויציב. נזק מוחי צפוי תוך חמש דקות ללא חמצן, ומוות צפוי תוך עשר דקות.

חומרי מזון

חומר תזונתי הוא חומר הנמצא במזונות ומשקאות החיוניים להישרדות האדם. שלושת הקבוצות הבסיסיות של רכיבי תזונה הם מים, רכיבי תזונה מניבים אנרגיה ובוני גוף, ו מיקרונוטריינטים ויטמינים ומינרלים.

החומר התזונתי הקריטי ביותר הוא מים. הכימיקלים התפקודיים בגוף מומסים ומועברים במים, והתגובות הכימיות של החיים מתרחשות במים. יתרה מכך, מים הם המרכיב המשמעותי ביותר של תאים, דם, והנוזל בין התאים למים מהווה כ-70 אחוז ממסת הגוף של מבוגר.

הרכיבים התזונתיים המניבים אנרגיה הם בעיקר פחמימות ושומנים, בעוד חלבונים מספקים את חומצות האמינו שהן אבני הבניין של הגוף. בני אדם צורכים אותם במזון ומשקאות צמחיים ובעלי חיים, ומערכת העיכול מפרקת אותם למולקולות קטנות מספיק כדי להיספג. לאחר מכן ניתן להשתמש בתוצרי הפירוק של פחמימות ושומנים בתהליכים המטבוליים הממירים אותם ל-ATP. מים וחומרים מזינים המניבים אנרגיה נקראים גם מאקרו-נוטריינטים מכיוון שהגוף זקוק להם בכמויות גדולות.

המיקרונוטריינטים משתתפים בתגובות ותהליכים כימיים חיוניים רבים, כגון דחפים עצביים, וחלקם, כגון סידן, תורמים גם הם למבנה הגוף. הגוף יכול לאחסן חלק מה מיקרונוטריינטים ברקמותיו ולנצל את הרזרבות הללו אם הם מחמיצים בתזונה למשך מספר ימים או שבועות. כמה מיקרונוטריינטים אחרים, כגון ויטמין C ורוב ויטמיני B, מסיסים במים ולא ניתן לאחסן אותם; כתוצאה מכך, יש לצרוך אותם באופן קבוע בכמות מאוזנת.

טווח טמפרטורה צר

התגובות הכימיות שבהן הגוף תלוי יכולות להתרחש רק בטווח טמפרטורת גוף צר, מקצת מתחת לקצת מעל C37 (98.6F). כאשר טמפרטורת הגוף עולה הרבה מעל או מתחת לנורמה, חלבונים מסוימים (אנזימים) המקלים על תגובות כימיות מאבדים את המבנה התקין שלהם ואת יכולתם לתפקד, והתגובות הכימיות של חילוף החומרים אינן יכולות להמשיך.

עם זאת, הגוף יכול להגיב ביעילות לחשיפה לטווח קצר לחום או קור. אחת מתגובות הגוף לחום היא הזעה. כאשר זיעה מתנדפת מהעור, היא מסירה מעט אנרגיה תרמית מהגוף, ומקררת אותו.

הגוף יכול גם להגיב ביעילות לחשיפה קצרת טווח לקור. תגובה אחת לקור היא רעד, שהיא תנועת שרירים אקראית שיוצרת חום.

טווח צר של לחץ אטמוספרי

לחץ אטמוספרי עושה יותר מסתם שמירה על מומסת גזי הדם. היכולת לנשום תלויה גם בלחץ אטמוספרי מדויק. מחלת גבהים מתרחשת מכיוון שהאטמוספירה בגובה רב מפעילה פחות לחץ, מפחיתה את חילופי הגזים הללו וגורמת לקוצר נשימה, בלבול, כאבי ראש, עייפות ובחילות.

טקסט זה מותאם מ <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-4-requirements-for-human-life">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.4: Requirements for Human Life</a>
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כדור הארץ והאטמוספירה שלו סיפקו לבני האדם אוויר, מים ומזון, אך אלה אינן הדרישות היחידות להישרדות. בני אדם גם דורשים ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

אנטומיה ופיזיולוגיה

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Introduction to the Human Body

מבוא לגוף האדם

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

human survival needs in the body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits.

Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen because they need steady ATP production. Brain damage is likely within five minutes without oxygen, and death is likely within ten minutes.

Nutrients are substances in foods and beverages that are essential for survival. The three basic classes are water, energy-yielding and body-building nutrients, and micronutrients, which include vitamins and minerals. Water is the most critical nutrient. It dissolves and carries the body’s functional chemicals, and many life processes take place in water. Water is also the main component of cells, blood, and the fluid between cells, and it makes up about 70 percent of an adult’s body mass.

Energy-yielding nutrients are mainly carbohydrates and lipids. Proteins provide amino acids, which are the body’s building blocks. Humans get these nutrients from plant and animal foods and from beverages, and the digestive system breaks them into molecules small enough to absorb. The breakdown products of carbohydrates and lipids can then enter metabolic processes that produce ATP. Water and energy-yielding nutrients are called macronutrients because the body needs them in large amounts.

Micronutrients help many essential chemical reactions and processes, including nerve impulses. Some, such as calcium, also support body structure. The body can store some micronutrients in tissues and use those reserves if they are missing from the diet for a few days or weeks. Other micronutrients, including vitamin C and most B vitamins, are water-soluble and cannot be stored well, so they must be eaten regularly in balanced amounts.

Body temperature must also stay in a narrow range. The chemical reactions the body depends on can occur only from just below to just above 37 degrees Celsius, or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. If body temperature rises too high or falls too low, enzymes lose their normal shape and cannot do their jobs, so metabolism cannot continue properly. The body can still respond to short-term heat or cold. Sweating cools the body as sweat evaporates, and shivering creates heat through random muscle movement.

Atmospheric pressure is another requirement for life. It helps keep blood gases dissolved, and it also supports breathing. At high altitude, the atmosphere exerts less pressure, which reduces gas exchange. This can cause altitude sickness, with symptoms such as shortness of breath, confusion, headache, lethargy, and nausea.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how oxygen, nutrients, body temperature, and atmospheric pressure support human survival, ATP production, and normal body function in high school biology.

Human Survival Needs in the Body | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

BIO.2.c

LS.2

LS.2.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.7

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-2.

Compounds Essential to Human Function

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Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Solution Preparation
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Carbohydrate Metabolism

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lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

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Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

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Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Denaturation

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Role of Proteins in the Human Body

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Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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LS.Bio.1.1

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

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Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Human Survival Needs in the Body

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