Name: anatomical terms and body position
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Levels Of Organization

Anatomical Terminology

המינוח האנטומי הסטנדרטי משמש באופן אוניברסלי לחקר מבנה גוף האדם וארגונו הפנימי.
למונחים אלה יש לעתים קרובות שורשים, קידומת או סיומות שמקורם ביוונית או לטינית. השורש הוא החלק המרכזי של המילה שיכול להתייחס לאיבר, רקמה או מצב. 
לדוגמה, השורש גסטרו - מתייחס לקיבה. הוספת epi, כלומר לעיל, כקידומת לפני השורש יוצרת את המונח epigastric, המתאר את המיקום מעל הקיבה.
הסיומת זה מתייחס דלקת. הקישור הוא לשורש arthro-, כלומר מפרקים, יוצר את המונח דלקת פרקים. באופן דומה, ברונכיטיס וגסטריטיס פירושו דלקת של חלק מהריאות והקיבה, בהתאמה.
באופן דומה, כדי להבין כיוונים אנטומיים, אנטומיסטים משתמשים בעמדת הייחוס האנטומית הסטנדרטית. לדוגמה, כאשר אדם עומד זקוף עם הפנים קדימה, החלק הקדמי של הגוף נקרא הצד הקדמי או הגחוני, והגב הוא הצד האחורי או הגבי.
לכן, הלב הוא קדמי לעמוד השדרה ואחורי לחזה.

טרמינולוגיה אנטומית

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ידע באנטומיה חיוני להבנת הביולוגיה והרפואה האנושית. אנטומיסטים ואנשי מקצוע בתחום הבריאות משתמשים בטרמינולוגיה סטנדרטית כדי לתאר את גוף האדם ביתר דיוק וללא אי בהירות. למונחים אנטומיים יש בעיקר שורשים יווניים ולטיניים. מכיוון ששפות אלה משמשות לעתים רחוקות בשיחה, המשמעות של מילים נשארת זהה. כל איבר מורכב משורש בין הקידומות והסיומות. השורש של מונח מתייחס לרוב לאיבר, רקמה או מצב, בעוד שהקידומת או הסיומת מתארים לעתים קרובות את השורש. לדוגמה, בהפרעה יתר לחץ דם, הקידומת "היפר- "פירושה "גבוה" או "מעל" ומילת השורש "מתח" מתייחסת ללחץ, כך שהמילה "יתר לחץ דם" מתייחסת ללחץ דם גבוה באופן חריג.

אנטומיסטים קובעים את האופן בו הם רואים את הגוף. תנוחת ההתייחסות האנטומית הסטנדרטית היא עמידה זקופה עם רגליים מקבילות, כתפיים רחבות ואצבעות קדימה. הגפיים העליונות מוחזקים לכל צד, וכפות הידיים פונות קדימה. מעקב אחר עמדת ההתייחסות האנטומית הסטנדרטית כדי לאתר או להתייחס לחלק הגוף ממזער בלבול, במיוחד במהלך בדיקות והליכים שגרתיים. לדוגמה, צלקת על שורש כף היד נמצאת בצד כף היד של פרק כף היד. כשמדובר על ההתמצאות, הגוף בשכיבה מתואר כנטייה (עם הפנים כלפי מטה) או בשכיבה (עם הפנים למעלה).

בנוסף, לאזורי גוף אנושיים יש מונחים ספציפיים לציון המיקום, המספר או הצבע של מבנה, איבר או רקמה מסוימים. לדוגמה, המונח " ברכיום " מתייחס ל"זרוע העליונה," ומשתמשים "באנטברכיום" או "באמה" במקום ב"זרוע התחתונה". מונחים הופכים חיוניים תוך תיאור המיקומים היחסיים של מבני גוף שונים. לדוגמה, מונחים עליונים ונחותים משמשים לעתים קרובות כדי לתאר את מיקום הראש ביחס לחלק התחתון של הגוף.

היסטוריה קצרה

Terminologia Anatomica (TA) הוא התקן הבינלאומי לטרמינולוגיה אנטומית אנושית בשימוש ברחבי העולם. הוועדה הפדרטיבית לטרמינולוגיה אנטומית והפדרציה הבינלאומית של איגודי אנטומיים פיתחו והוציאו אותו בשנת 1998. הוא החליף את התקן הקודם Nomina Anatomica. Terminologia Histologica (TH) הוא טקסט נלווה ל-TA שפותח על ידי הוועדה הבינלאומית הפדרטיבית לטרמינולוגיה אנטומית (FICAT), שפורסם בשנת 2008. TA מכיל טרמינולוגיה עבור כ-7,500 מבנים אנטומיים ברוטו אנושיים (מקרוסקופיים), בעוד ש-TH מכיל טרמינולוגיה עבור סלולר. מבנים, רקמות ואיברים ברמה המיקרוסקופית.

טקסט זה מותאם מ <a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-6-anatomical-terminology">Openstax, Anatomy and Physiology 2e, Section 1.6: </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/1-6-anatomical-terminology">Anatomical Terminologies</a>.
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ידע באנטומיה חיוני להבנת הביולוגיה והרפואה האנושית. אנטומיסטים ואנשי מקצוע בתחום הבריאות משתמשים בטרמינולוגיה סטנדרטית כדי לתאר ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

אנטומיה ופיזיולוגיה

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Introduction to the Human Body

מבוא לגוף האדם

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

anatomical terms and body position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation.

Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or suffix then changes the meaning of that root. For example, in hypertension, the prefix &quot;hyper-&quot; means high or over, and the root &quot;tension&quot; refers to pressure. Together, the word means abnormally high blood pressure.

Anatomists also use a standard anatomical reference position to describe the body. In this position, a person stands upright with parallel feet, shoulders wide, toes forward, and the arms at the sides. The palms face ahead. Using this common position helps people locate body parts with less confusion during exams and procedures.

Orientation terms also matter when describing body position. A body lying face down is called prone, and a body lying face up is called supine. Location terms are used for specific regions as well. For example, brachium means upper arm, and antebrachium means forearm rather than lower arm. A scar on the carpal is on the palm side of the wrist, and terms such as superior and inferior help compare the head with the lower part of the body.

These terms are part of international standards used worldwide. Terminologia Anatomica, or TA, was developed by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists and released in 1998. It replaced Nomina Anatomica. A related reference, Terminologia Histologica, or TH, was published in 2008 by the renamed Federative International Committee on Anatomical Terminology. TA covers about 7,500 gross anatomical structures, while TH covers cellular structures, tissue, and organs at the microscopic level.

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

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functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Learn how anatomical terms, body position, and standard reference language help scientists and health professionals describe the human body clearly.

Anatomical Terms and Body Position | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

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Tissues

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Inductive Reasoning

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Deductive Reasoning

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Correlation and Causation

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Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

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Feedback Loops

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Homeostasis

Knowledge of anatomy is essential to understand human biology and medicine. Anatomists and health care professionals use standard terminology to describe ...

Anatomical Positions

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Regional Terms

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Directional Terms

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Body Planes

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Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body&#39;s joints and muscles. These movements are described ...

Abdominal Regions and Quadrants

To promote clear communication, for instance, about the location of a patient&#39;s abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, anatomists and clinicians ...

Anatomical Terminology

Content elaboration: Standard anatomical position is to be used as a reference point. Each area of the human body is identified by region. The features and structures of the body, relative to each other, are described by directional terms. The body and its organs can be divided by planes. The organs are located in cavities.

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

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