Name: water ionization and kw in equilibrium
Uploaded: 2024-04-04T10:51:16.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

solubility-equilibria-ionic-product-of-water

Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water

מים הם אלקטרוליט חלש ועוברים כמות קטנה של יינון עצמי.
בכל טמפרטורה נתונה, ריכוז המים הבלתי מנותקים נחשב קבוע, ולכן המכפלה היונית של מים Kw היא תוצר של ריכוזי יוני מימן והידרוקסיד.
Kw עולה עם עליית הטמפרטורה. ב 25 ° C, Kw של מים טהורים הוא 10-14.
בתנאים אלה, ריכוזי יוני המימן וההידרוקסיד של מים טהורים שווים, ולכן ריכוז היונים הבודדים שווה לשורש הריבועי של Kw. 
תמיסה נייטרלית מורכבת מריכוזים שווים של יונים אלה.
נניח שריכוז יון המימן גדול מ-10-7. במקרה זה, הפתרון נחשב חומצי, בעוד שהוא בסיסי או בסיסי מתחת לערך זה.
לכן, התמיסה היא בסיסית אם ריכוז יון הידרוקסיד הוא מעל 10-7, בעוד שהוא חומצי מתחת לערך זה.

שיווי משקל במסיסות: תוצר יוני של מים

<div style="direction:rtl">
מים טהורים הם אלקטרוליט חלש; רק כמות קטנה מיוננת ליוני מימן והידרוקסיד. בכל טמפרטורה נתונה, ריכוז המים הבלתי מפורקים כמעט קבוע, ולכן התוצר היוני של המים הוא התוצר של ריכוז יוני המימן והידרוקסיד, המסומנים כ-Kw . השורש הריבועי של Kw נותן את ריכוזי היונים הבודדים.

התוצר היוני של מים משתנה עם הטמפרטורה, וערכו הוא 1.0 x 10−14 בתנאי ניסוי סטנדרטיים. לפי העיקרון של לה-שטלייה, אם התוצר של ריכוזי יוני המימן והידרוקסיד יהפוך ליותר מערך זה בכל נקודה, היונים העודפים יתאחדו ויוצרים מולקולות מים עד שיגיע לשיווי משקל. באופן דומה, אם התוצר של ריכוזים יוניים יורד מתחת לערך זה, מים מייננים ליצירת יוני מימן והידרוקסיד כדי להגיע לשיווי משקל.

טבעה של תמיסה מימית - ניטרלית, חומצית או בסיסית - מוגדרת על ידי ריכוז יוני המימן והידרוקסיד. במקרה של תמיסות חומציות או בסיסיות, Kw הוא עדיין תוצר של ריכוז יוני ההידרוניום והידרוקסיד, אך ברור ששני הריכוזים הללו לא יהיו שווים זה לזה.
</div>

מים הם אלקטרוליט חלש ועוברים כמות קטנה של יינון עצמי.
בכל טמפרטורה נתונה, ריכוז המים הבלתי מנותקים הוא ...

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

כימיה אנליטית

Unit 1

יחידה 1

Chemical Equilibria

שיווי משקל כימי

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחי מפתח ומושגים

water ionization and kw in equilibrium

Water ionization and the ionic product of water describe how pure water reaches equilibrium. Water is a weak electrolyte, so only a small amount breaks into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. At a fixed temperature, the amount of undissociated water stays almost constant.

Because of this, the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen ion concentration and the hydroxide ion concentration. It is written as K w . The square root of K w gives the concentration of each ion in pure water. Under standard experimental conditions, K w is 1.0 x 10 &amp;#8722;14, and this value changes with temperature.

Le Chatelier&amp;#39;s principle helps explain what happens when ion concentrations shift. If the product of hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations becomes greater than K w , the extra ions combine to form water until equilibrium returns. If the product falls below K w , water ionizes to form more hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

The balance between these ions also shows whether an aqueous solution is neutral, acidic, or alkaline. In acidic or basic solutions, K w is still the product of the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations. However, those two concentrations are not equal in that case.

Water Ionization and Kw in Equilibrium

ionic strength: overview

Ionic Strength in Salt and Acid Solutions

Ionic strength describes the total electrolyte concentration in a solution. It is a quantitative measure of how many ions are present and how strongly they contribute to the solution. The concept was introduced in 1921 by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall while they were describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. To calculate ionic strength, written as I or μ, both cations and anions are included. The concentration of each ion matters, but the charge number z matters even...

ionic strength: effects on chemical equilibria

ionic-strength-effects-on-chemical-equilibria

Salt Effect on Salt Solubility

Salt effect can change the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water. When an inert ionic compound is added, the dissolved salt may become more soluble. A common example is potassium nitrate added to a saturated calcium sulfate solution, which increases the amount of calcium sulfate that dissolves. Le Châtelier’s principle does not explain this shift well. Instead, the change is described by the effective concentration of ions in solution. Each ion is surrounded by an ionic atmosphere,...

thermodynamics: chemical potential and activity

thermodynamics-chemical-potential-and-activity

Chemical Potential in Solution Activity

Chemical potential and activity describe how a species behaves in a solution. Activity is the effective concentration of a species. It accounts for the electrolytes near that species and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. Activity is calculated as molar concentration multiplied by the activity coefficient. This makes it a more precise way to describe a species in solution than concentration alone. The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is also defined more accurately using activity...

thermodynamics: activity coefficient

Activity Coefficient in Ionic Solutions

Activity coefficient in ionic solutions describes how much a species behaves like its measured concentration. Activity is the effective concentration of a solute in solution. It equals the molar concentration multiplied by the activity coefficient, which is a unitless number. The activity coefficient depends on the total ionic strength of the solution. It shows how far a solution is from ideal behavior. When ionic strength is very low, the activity coefficient of an ionic species is close to...

chemical equilibria: redefining equilibrium constant

chemical-equilibria-redefining-equilibrium-constant

Salt Effect in Equilibrium Constant Calculations

Salt effect changes how a sparingly soluble salt dissolves when an inert salt is added. The size of this effect depends on the ionic strength of the solution. Ionic strength reflects how strongly the ions in the solution interact. In solution, the activity of a species is the product of its concentration and its activity coefficient. A redefined equilibrium constant must account for these activity effects when the ionic strength is moderately high. This form is also called the thermodynamic...

factors affecting activity coefficient

How Ionic Strength Changes Activity Coefficient

The activity coefficient of an ion in water depends on ionic strength, ion charge, and ion size. The extended Debye-Hückel equation describes these effects for aqueous solutions at 25°C. These three factors are partly linked, so changes in one can influence the others. When a solution has almost zero ionic strength, the activity coefficient is close to one. That means the solution behaves almost ideally. As ionic strength rises from 0 to 0.1 mol/L, the activity coefficient usually drops.

chemical equilibria: systematic approach to equilibrium calculations

chemical-equilibria-systematic-approach-to-equilibrium-calculations

Equilibrium Calculations with Mass and Charge

Chemical equilibrium calculations become easier when they are organized around mass balance and charge balance. This approach is useful for systems with multiple equilibria, where several reactions must be considered together. It is especially helpful when finding the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water with a common ion present. The first step is to identify every chemical reaction in the system. Next, write the equilibrium constant expression for each reaction. These expressions...

acid&#8211;base equilibria: activity-based definition of ph

acidbase-equilibria-activity-based-definition-of-ph

How Ionic Strength Changes pH

pH depends on hydrogen ion activity, not just hydrogen ion concentration. In an ideal solution, pH is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. In a non-ideal solution, a more accurate pH uses hydrogen ion activity, which combines concentration with an activity coefficient. This difference matters most in very low ionic strength solutions, such as pure water. At first, the hydrogen ion activity coefficient is close to one. When an electrolyte that does not donate or accept a...

ladder diagrams: acid&#8211;base equilibria

Using Ladder Diagrams to Predict pH

Ladder diagrams help show how acid-base equilibria change with pH. They are graphical tools that make the chemistry of a system easier to read during analysis. In a ladder diagram, the vertical axis shows pH. Horizontal bars, or steps, place the pKa values in the system.

ladder diagrams: redox equilibria

Redox Potential Shifts in Ladder Diagrams

Ladder diagrams show redox equilibrium using electrochemical potential, E, as the vertical scale. They help students see how changes in concentration affect which species is most stable. The areas of predominance are set with the Nernst equation. A useful example is the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates. At potentials more negative than +0.771 V, Fe2+ predominates. Ladder diagrams also show...

ladder diagrams: complexation equilibria

Reading Metal-Ligand Ladder Diagrams

Ladder diagrams help show equilibria in metal-ligand complexes. In these diagrams, the vertical scale shows pL, or the concentration of free ligand that has not reacted. The horizontal lines mark the log of formation constants and show which species is dominant in each region. For the Cd and ammonia system, the formation constant K1 for Cd(NH3)2+ is 3.55 × 10^2. Its log value is 2.55, so pNH3 = 2.55 is the dividing line between Cd2+ and Cd(NH3)2+ dominance. Above 2.55, Cd2+ is the predominant...

solubility equilibria: overview

How Solubility Reaches Equilibrium

Solubility equilibrium describes what happens when a sparingly soluble salt dissolves in water and then reaches a balance with the solid left over. In a saturated solution, dissolved ions and the undissolved solid are in dynamic equilibrium. The process is reversible, so this topic is also called precipitation equilibrium. This balance matters in real life. Sugar-rich foods can produce organic acids that dissolve hydroxyapatite, the mineral in tooth enamel, which can lead to tooth decay. A...

solubility equilibria: ionic product of water

Water ionization and the ionic product of water describe how pure water reaches equilibrium. Water is a weak electrolyte, so only a small amount breaks into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. At a fixed temperature, the amount of undissociated water stays almost constant. Because of this, the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen ion concentration and the hydroxide ion concentration. It is written as K w . The square root of K w gives the concentration of each ion in pure water.

complexation equilibria: overview

Stepwise Metal-Ligand Complexation

Stepwise metal-ligand complexation forms coordination compounds when metal ions and ligands share electrons through dative, or coordinate covalent, bonds. In these reactions, the metal ion binds to one or more ligands until its coordination number is reached. This number tells how many bonds form between the metal ion and the ligands. In aqueous solution, many metal ions are already surrounded by water molecules. These species are called aqua complexes. Complexation reactions are described by...

complexation equilibria: the chelate effect

complexation-equilibria-the-chelate-effect

Chelating Ligands and Metal Complex Stability

Metal complexes form when metal atoms or cations interact with ligands in a complexation reaction. These donor-acceptor adducts are central to understanding how metal ions bind in chemistry. Ligands can bind in different ways. A monodentate ligand uses one donor site. A bidentate ligand uses two donor sites, and a polydentate ligand uses more than two. Ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms and forms a five-membered ring. Polydentate ligands can...

complexation equilibria: factors influencing stability of complexes

complexation-equilibria-factors-influencing-stability-of-complexes

Complex Ions: Metal and Ligand Stability

Complex ions form when a metal cation accepts electron pairs from ligands, which are the electron pair donors. The stability of these metal complexes depends mainly on the metal ion and on the ligands attached to it. The metal ion’s size and charge play a major role in stability. As the size of the metal ion increases, complex stability usually decreases when the valency of the metal ion and the ligands stays the same. As the charge on the metal ion increases, complex stability increases. <br...

redox equilibria: overview

Redox Electron Transfer and Half-Reactions

Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one species to another. In this type of reaction, electrons are not shared between atoms. They move from the species that loses them to the species that gains them. The species that loses electrons is the reducing agent, also called the reductant. It is oxidized during the reaction. The species that gains electrons is the oxidizing agent, or oxidant, and it is reduced. Redox reactions are often written as two half-reactions. One...

titrimetric methods: types and commonly used strategies

titrimetric-methods-types-and-commonly-used-strategies

Direct, Back, and Displacement Titrations

Titrimetric methods use a standard solution to measure the amount of an analyte in chemistry. The main categories are volumetric, gravimetric, and coulometric methods. Each one reaches the endpoint in a different way. In volumetric titrations, the key measurement is the volume of a titrant with a known concentration. The titrant is added until it reacts completely with the analyte. In gravimetric titrations, the standard solution forms an insoluble precipitate with the analyte. That solid is...

classification of titrimetric analysis based on reaction types

classification-of-titrimetric-analysis-based-on-reaction-types

Four Reaction Types in Titrimetric Analysis

Titrimetric analysis measures solution volume and is also called volumetric analysis. A standard solution with a known concentration is placed in the burette and is called the titrant. The solution with an unknown concentration in the flask is the analyte, or titrand. Titrimetric analysis is grouped into four types based on the reaction between the titrant and the analyte. Acid-base titrations involve a neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. This reaction forms water molecules.

key terms and concepts

Learn how water self-ionizes, how K w is defined, and why hydrogen and hydroxide ion levels determine neutral, acidic, or basic solutions.

Water Ionization and Kw in Equilibrium | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-5

Tennessee Academic Standards

Chemistry

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

CHEM1.PS2.3

CHEM1.PS2.4

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Conditions on Early Earth

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Bioremediation

Bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. This process has been used to remove harmful toxins ...

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, &#8220;Climate is what you expect. ...

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14711.jpg

Analyze and interpret data to explain how volcanic activity influences changes in Earth's atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.

ESS.EES.2.5

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the ...

The potential of hydrogen (pH) is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a water-based solution determined by the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+). ...

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent ...

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another ...

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such ...

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between molecules of the same type, such as water molecules. Water molecules have an overall neutral charge but are polar ...

Specific Heat

The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. ...

Vaporization

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

Role of Water in Human Biology

Water is the one of the most significant components of the human body; it plays a crucial role in several physiological activities because of its unique ...

Water is a weak electrolyte and undergoes a small amount of self-ionization.
At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is ...

Carry out investigations to explain the properties of water.

Energy

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy.&#160; The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

Climate Change

The certainty of climate change remains a public controversy despite the consensus among approximately 97% of active climate researchers, who not only ...

Enthalpy

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the ...

Use models to explain how water is an agent of energy transfer.

ESS.EES.3.2

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

Measuring Tropospheric Ozone

Source: Laboratories of Margaret Workman and Kimberly Frye - Depaul University
Ozone is a form of elemental oxygen (O3), a molecule of three oxygen atoms ...

an-overview-of-bgdgt-biomarker-analysis-for-paleoclimatology

An Overview of bGDGT Biomarker Analysis for Paleoclimatology

measurement-greenhouse-gas-flux-from-agricultural-soils-using-static

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

Analyze and interpret data to explain how major greenhouse gases influence climate.

ESS.EES.3.3

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Water Ionization and Kw in Equilibrium

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards