Name: planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:20:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
Channel: JoVE

Planctomycetes מסווגים לשני סדרים - Planctomycetales ו-Brocadiales. חיידקים גראם-שליליים אלה מציגים תכונות ייחודיות. הם מתחלקים לפי ניצנים. לחלקם יש גבעולים או נספחים, בעוד שאחרים יוצרים סידורי תאים דמויי שושנה. למינים מסוימים יש שכבת S במעטפת התא שלהם. כל הפלנקטומיצטים מראים תאים תוך-תאיים הדומים לאברונים אוקריוטיים. הם מייצרים מבנים מיוחדים המכונים פירלולוזומים, שהם תאים סגורים בממברנה שאינם יחידה המכילים את הנוקלואיד, הריבוזומים ורכיבים ציטופלזמיים אחרים. בסוג Gemmata, הנוקלואיד מוקף עוד יותר על ידי פלישות של קרום התא, ויוצר מבנה מוקף בקרום יחידה אמיתי. הסוג Isosphaera הוא חיידק גולש חוטי המצוי במעיינות חמים. תא נוסף ראוי לציון, האנמוקסוזום, נמצא בחברים בסדרה Brocadiales, כגון Brocadia anammoxidans. האנמוקסוזום מקל על חמצון אנאירובי של אמוניה - סוג של כימוליטואוטוטרופיה. ההידרזין הרעיל של תגובה זו כלול בקרום השומנים הייחודי שלו, ומגן על רכיבים ציטופלזמיים.

מערכת החיידקים פלנקטומיצטים

Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes 

&#1508;&#1500;&#1488;&#1504;&#1511;&#1496;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1510;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; (Planctomycetes) &#1492;&#1501; &#1511;&#1489;&#1493;&#1510;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500; &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1511;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1497;&#1495;&#1493;&#1491;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1489;&#1495;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1492;&#1502;&#1505;&#1493;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1511;&#1512; &#1500;&#1513;&#1514;&#1497; &#1505;&#1491;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514;: Planctomycetales &#1493;&#1470;Brocadiales. &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1511;&#1497;&#1501; &#1490;&#1512;&#1488;&#1501;&#1470;&#1513;&#1500;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1500;&#1493; &#1502;&#1510;&#1497;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488;&#1497; &#1491;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503;, &#1489;&#1492;&#1501; &#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1511;&#1492; &#1489;&#1514;&#1492;&#1500;&#1497;&#1498; &#1492;&#1504;&#1510;&#1492; (budding) &#1493;&#1492;&#1497;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1500; &#1490;&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1493; &#1514;&#1493;&#1505;&#1508;&#1493;&#1514; &#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;. &#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1500;&#1493; &#1502;&#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1506;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1506;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1501; &#1511;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1489;&#1502;&#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1491;&#1502;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497; &#1513;&#1493;&#1513;&#1504;&#1492; (rosettes), &#1493;&#1502;&#1514;&#1488;&#1508;&#1497;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1504;&#1493;&#1499;&#1495;&#1493;&#1514; &#1513;&#1499;&#1489;&#1514;&#1470;S &#1489;&#1502;&#1506;&#1496;&#1508;&#1514; &#1492;&#1514;&#1488;, &#1514;&#1499;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492; &#1513;&#1488;&#1497;&#1504;&#1492; &#1504;&#1508;&#1493;&#1510;&#1492; &#1489;&#1511;&#1512;&#1489; &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1511;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1489;&#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1507;, &#1508;&#1500;&#1488;&#1504;&#1511;&#1496;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1510;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1510;&#1497;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1506;&#1497;&#1514;&#1497;&#1501; &#1511;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1488;&#1494;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1514;&#1493;&#1498;&#1470;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1491;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1489;&#1512;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1488;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;.
&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1513;&#1502;&#1511;&#1493;&#1489;&#1500; &#1500;&#1492;&#1489;&#1495;&#1497;&#1503; &#1489;&#1497;&#1503; &#1508;&#1512;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1488;&#1488;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1506;&#1500; &#1505;&#1502;&#1498; &#1492;&#1489;&#1491;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1514;&#1488;, &#1508;&#1500;&#1488;&#1504;&#1511;&#1496;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1510;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1506;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1489;&#1495;&#1504;&#1492; &#1494;&#1493; &#1506;&#1500; &#1497;&#1491;&#1497; &#1492;&#1510;&#1490;&#1514; &#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1506;&#1500;&#1497; &#1495;&#1500;&#1493;&#1511;&#1492; &#1500;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1504;&#1497;&#1502;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1500;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1488;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1497;&#1513; &#1490;&#1512;&#1506;&#1497;&#1503; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1507; &#1502;&#1502;&#1489;&#1512;&#1504;&#1492;, &#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1513;&#1470;DNA &#1508;&#1512;&#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497; &#1502;&#1512;&#1493;&#1499;&#1494; &#1489;&#1504;&#1493;&#1511;&#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1491; &#1489;&#1510;&#1497;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1494;&#1502;&#1492;. &#1506;&#1501; &#1494;&#1488;&#1514;, &#1508;&#1500;&#1488;&#1504;&#1511;&#1496;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1510;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1497;&#1497;&#1510;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1495;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1511;&#1512;&#1493;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; pirellulosomes, &#1513;&#1492;&#1497;&#1504;&#1501; &#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1514;&#1493;&#1498;&#1470;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; (&#1500;&#1500;&#1488; &#1502;&#1502;&#1489;&#1512;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1491;&#1512;&#1514;) &#1492;&#1502;&#1499;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1514; &#1492;&#1504;&#1493;&#1511;&#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1491;, &#1512;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1494;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1497;&#1489;&#1497;&#1501; &#1510;&#1497;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1494;&#1502;&#1496;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1508;&#1497;&#1501;.
&#1502;&#1495;&#1494;&#1493;&#1512; &#1492;&#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; Planctomyces &#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1500; &#1504;&#1497;&#1510;&#1493;&#1500;. &#1514;&#1488;&#1497; &#1505;&#1493;&#1493;&#1512;&#1502;&#1512; (swarmer) &#1504;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1504;&#1510;&#1502;&#1491;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1502;&#1513;&#1496;&#1495;, &#1502;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1501; &#1490;&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1488;&#1514;&#1512; &#1492;&#1492;&#1497;&#1510;&#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1514; &#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1497;&#1510;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1514;&#1488; &#1489;&#1514; &#1489;&#1511;&#1493;&#1496;&#1489; &#1492;&#1504;&#1490;&#1491;&#1497; &#1489;&#1514;&#1492;&#1500;&#1497;&#1498; &#1504;&#1497;&#1510;&#1493;&#1500;. &#1514;&#1488; &#1494;&#1492; &#1502;&#1508;&#1514;&#1495; &#1513;&#1493;&#1496;&#1493;&#1503;, &#1502;&#1514;&#1504;&#1514;&#1511; &#1502;&#1492;&#1514;&#1488; &#1492;&#1488;&#1501; &#1493;&#1502;&#1514;&#1495;&#1497;&#1500; &#1502;&#1495;&#1494;&#1493;&#1512; &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1495;&#1491;&#1513;. &#1508;&#1497;&#1494;&#1497;&#1493;&#1500;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1502;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497; Planctomyces &#1492;&#1501; &#1488;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1508;&#1511;&#1493;&#1500;&#1496;&#1496;&#1497;&#1489;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1513;&#1497;&#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1500;&#1490;&#1491;&#1493;&#1500; &#1489;&#1488;&#1502;&#1510;&#1506;&#1493;&#1514; &#1504;&#1513;&#1497;&#1502;&#1492; &#1488;&#1493; &#1514;&#1505;&#1497;&#1505;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500; &#1505;&#1493;&#1499;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1492;&#1501; &#1502;&#1488;&#1499;&#1500;&#1505;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1502;&#1490;&#1493;&#1493;&#1503; &#1505;&#1489;&#1497;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1497;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1499;&#1493;&#1500;&#1500; &#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1499;&#1493;&#1514; &#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1514;&#1493;&#1511;&#1497;&#1501; &#1493;&#1497;&#1502;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1490; Isosphaera, &#1511;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1500;&#1470;Planctomyces, &#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1511; &#1495;&#1493;&#1496;&#1497; &#1492;&#1504;&#1506; &#1489;&#1490;&#1500;&#1497;&#1513;&#1492;, &#1493;&#1504;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488; &#1489;&#1502;&#1506;&#1497;&#1497;&#1504;&#1493;&#1514; &#1495;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501;. &#1489;&#1497;&#1491;&#1493;&#1491; &#1513;&#1500; Planctomyces &#1493;&#1511;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1493; &#1491;&#1493;&#1512;&#1513; &#1500;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489; &#1502;&#1510;&#1506; &#1491;&#1500;&#1470;&#1514;&#1494;&#1493;&#1504;&#1492;.
&#1489;&#1505;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1502;&#1505;&#1493;&#1497;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1499;&#1490;&#1493;&#1503; Gemmata, &#1492;&#1504;&#1493;&#1511;&#1500;&#1488;&#1493;&#1488;&#1497;&#1491; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1507; &#1506;&#1493;&#1491; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1506;&#1500; &#1497;&#1491;&#1497; &#1511;&#1497;&#1508;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1513;&#1500; &#1492;&#1502;&#1502;&#1489;&#1512;&#1504;&#1492; &#1492;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1510;&#1512; &#1502;&#1489;&#1504;&#1492; &#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1507; &#1489;&#1502;&#1502;&#1489;&#1512;&#1504;&#1492; &#1513;&#1500;&#1502;&#1492;. &#1500;&#1502;&#1512;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1512;&#1499;&#1489;&#1493;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1492;&#1470;DNA &#1504;&#1513;&#1488;&#1512; &#1489;&#1502;&#1510;&#1489; &#1505;&#1490;&#1493;&#1512; &#1511;&#1493;&#1493;&#1500;&#1504;&#1496;&#1497;&#1514;, &#1502;&#1506;&#1490;&#1500;&#1497; &#1493;&#1506;&#1500;-&#1505;&#1500;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497; &#1492;&#1488;&#1493;&#1508;&#1497;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497; &#1500;&#1490;&#1504;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1501; &#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1511;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;.
&#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512; &#1514;&#1493;&#1498;&#1470;&#1514;&#1488;&#1497; &#1504;&#1493;&#1505;&#1507; &#1493;&#1497;&#1493;&#1510;&#1488; &#1491;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503;, &#1492;&#1488;&#1504;&#1502;&#1493;&#1511;&#1505;&#1493;&#1494;&#1493;&#1501; (anammoxosome), &#1504;&#1502;&#1510;&#1488; &#1489;&#1511;&#1512;&#1489; &#1502;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1505;&#1491;&#1512;&#1514; Brocadiales, &#1499;&#1490;&#1493;&#1503; Brocadia anammoxidans. &#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1512; &#1494;&#1492; &#1502;&#1488;&#1508;&#1513;&#1512; &#1495;&#1502;&#1510;&#1493;&#1503; &#1488;&#1502;&#1493;&#1504;&#1497;&#1492; &#1489;&#1514;&#1504;&#1488;&#1497;&#1501; &#1488;&#1504;&#1488;&#1497;&#1512;&#1493;&#1489;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501;, &#1493;&#1502;&#1493;&#1490;&#1503; &#1506;&#1500; &#1497;&#1491;&#1497; &#1502;&#1502;&#1489;&#1512;&#1504;&#1492; &#1500;&#1497;&#1508;&#1497;&#1491;&#1497;&#1514; &#1497;&#1497;&#1495;&#1493;&#1491;&#1497;&#1514; &#1492;&#1502;&#1493;&#1504;&#1506;&#1514; &#1504;&#1494;&#1511; &#1502;&#1514;&#1493;&#1510;&#1512;&#1497; &#1489;&#1497;&#1504;&#1497;&#1497;&#1501; &#1512;&#1506;&#1497;&#1500;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1502;&#1497;&#1493;&#1510;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1502;&#1492;&#1500;&#1498; &#1514;&#1492;&#1500;&#1497;&#1498; &#1502;&#1496;&#1489;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; &#1494;&#1492;.
Planctomyces &#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1488;&#1495;&#1491; &#1492;&#1505;&#1493;&#1490;&#1497;&#1501; &#1492;&#1504;&#1495;&#1511;&#1512;&#1497;&#1501; &#1489;&#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1489;&#1502;&#1506;&#1512;&#1498;. &#1489;&#1491;&#1493;&#1502;&#1492; &#1500;&#1495;&#1497;&#1497;&#1491;&#1511; &#1492;&#1490;&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500;&#1497; Caulobacter, &#1490;&#1501; &#1500;-Planctomyces &#1497;&#1513; &#1490;&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500;, &#1488;&#1498; &#1489;&#1504;&#1497;&#1490;&#1493;&#1491; &#1488;&#1500;&#1497;&#1493;, &#1492;&#1490;&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500; &#1513;&#1500;&#1493; &#1489;&#1504;&#1493;&#1497; &#1502;&#1495;&#1500;&#1489;&#1493;&#1503; &#1489;&#1500;&#1489;&#1491;, &#1500;&#1500;&#1488; &#1491;&#1493;&#1508;&#1503; &#1514;&#1488; &#1488;&#1493; &#1510;&#1497;&#1496;&#1493;&#1508;&#1500;&#1494;&#1502;&#1492;. &#1492;&#1490;&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500; &#1502;&#1514;&#1508;&#1511;&#1491; &#1489;&#1506;&#1497;&#1511;&#1512; &#1499;&#1502;&#1504;&#1490;&#1504;&#1493;&#1503; &#1492;&#1497;&#1510;&#1502;&#1491;&#1493;&#1514;, &#1493;&#1492;&#1493;&#1488; &#1491;&#1511; &#1497;&#1493;&#1514;&#1512; &#1502;&#1492;&#1490;&#1489;&#1506;&#1493;&#1500; &#1492;&#1508;&#1512;&#1493;&#1505;&#1496;&#1511;&#1488;&#1500;&#1497; &#1513;&#1500; Caulobacter.

&#1508;&#1500;&#1488;&#1504;&#1511;&#1496;&#1493;&#1502;&#1497;&#1510;&#1496;&#1497;&#1501; (Planctomycetes) &#1492;&#1501; ...

Education

JoVE Core

Microbiology

מיקרוביולוגיה

Unit

יחידה

Microbial Diversity

גיוון מיקרוביאלי

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

מונחים ומושגים מרכזיים

planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle

Planctomycetes are a group of gram-negative bacteria known for unusual cell structures and a distinctive life cycle. They are mainly placed in two orders, Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. Many cells show stalks or other appendages and often appear in rosette groups.

A key feature of these bacteria is their cell envelope. Planctomycetes have an S-layer, a surface layer that is relatively uncommon in bacteria. They also divide by budding, which is different from the simple cell split seen in many other bacteria.

Planctomycetes are also known for internal compartments that resemble parts of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes usually keep DNA in a nucleoid in the cytoplasm. In Planctomycetes, special compartments called pirellulosomes contain the nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic material.

The life cycle of Planctomyces begins with a motile swarmer cell attaching to a surface. A stalk forms at the attachment site, and a new cell then develops at the opposite pole by budding. The daughter cell grows a flagellum, leaves the mother cell, and starts the cycle again. Planctomyces species are facultative aerobes, so they can grow by respiration or by fermenting sugars, and they live in freshwater and marine environments. Low-nutrient media are usually needed to isolate Planctomyces and its relatives.

Some related bacteria show even more unusual structures. Isosphaera is a filamentous, gliding bacterium found in hot springs. In Gemmata, the nucleoid is further surrounded by membrane invaginations, so it has a true unit membrane around it. Even so, the DNA remains a covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled bacterial genome.

Members of Brocadiales include Brocadia anammoxidans, which has an anammoxosome. This compartment supports anaerobic oxidation of ammonia and is protected by a special lipid membrane that helps block toxic intermediates made during the process. Planctomyces is one of the best-studied genera in the phylum. It has a stalk like Caulobacter, but the Planctomyces stalk is made of protein only and does not contain cell wall or cytoplasm. Its main role is attachment, and it is thinner than the prosthecal stalk of Caulobacter.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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Planctomycetes are a group of gram-negative bacteria known for unusual cell structures and a distinctive life cycle. They are mainly placed in two orders, Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. Many cells show stalks or other appendages and often appear in rosette groups. A key feature of these bacteria is their cell envelope. Planctomycetes have an S-layer, a surface layer that is relatively uncommon in bacteria. They also divide by budding, which is different from the simple cell split seen in...

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anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria

Sulfur-Using Bacteria That Harvest Light

Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria are light-harvesting bacteria that do not release oxygen during photosynthesis. They include purple sulfur bacteria, purple nonsulfur bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green nonsulfur bacteria, heliobacteria, and Chloracidobacterium thermophilum. These groups belong to the Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Chlorobi, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria lineages, and each group has its own habitat and way of using light. Purple...

hyperthermophilic bacteria

Heat-Loving Bacteria and Their Enzymes

Hyperthermophilic bacteria live in extreme heat and show unusual adaptations that help them survive. Several of these species come from the Domain Bacteria and are found in hot springs and hydrothermal vents. Their biology helps explain how life can function in very hot environments. Thermotoga species are rod-shaped, gram-negative, non-sporulating hyperthermophiles. They form a sheath-like outer layer called a toga. These bacteria ferment sugars or starch and produce lactate, acetate, carbon...

bacterial phylum tenericutes

Mycoplasmas and Wall-Less Bacteria

Mycoplasmas are wall-less bacteria in the phylum Tenericutes. This group includes the single class Mollicutes, a name that comes from the Latin mollis, meaning soft. These bacteria are among the smallest known. They are often called mycoplasmas because the genus Mycoplasma includes many well-known human pathogens. Mycoplasmas cannot stain gram-positive because they lack cell walls. Even so, they are related to the Firmicutes. They often live closely with animal or plant hosts. Their small...

other unique bacteria

Magnetotactic and DNA-Resistant Bacteria

Magnetotactic bacteria move using Earth’s magnetic field, and some bacteria are known for extreme DNA repair. These unusual microbes show two very different survival strategies. One uses magnetic particles to guide movement. The other can recover after severe radiation damage. Magnetotaxis is the directed movement seen in magnetic bacteria. It depends on magnetosomes, which are chains of magnetic particles made of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄). A protein scaffold keeps these particles...

overview of archaea

Archaea Cell Structure and Metabolism

Archaea are a unique domain of life with cell structures and metabolic strategies that set them apart from bacteria and eukaryotes. They were named after the Archaean eon and are important for understanding both early life and modern biotechnology. One key feature of archaea is their membrane chemistry. Their membranes contain ether-linked isoprenoid lipids, which help them stay stable in extreme conditions such as high heat and chemical stress. Archaea also have RNA polymerases that are more...

diversity of archaea i

Archaea Extremes: Euryarchaeota

Euryarchaeota is a major phylum of Archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms. Archaea are grouped into five major phyla based on genetic and biochemical traits: Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, Thaumarchaeota, Korarchaeota, and Nanoarchaeota. Among them, Euryarchaeota stands out for its wide range of shapes, metabolism, and habitat use. Members of this phylum can have rod or cocci shapes. Their metabolism may be strictly aerobic or strictly anaerobic, which lets them live in both...

diversity of archaea ii

New Archaea Phyla and Their Roles

Archaea are one of the three domains of life, and their diversity includes species that live in both extreme and moderate environments. For a long time, most known archaea were grouped into two major phyla: Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. Recent molecular studies have added three more phyla to this picture: Thaumarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota, and Korarchaeota. Thaumarchaeota are mesophilic archaea, which means they live in moderate conditions. They are found in soils, lakes, and marine regions. A...

diversity of archaea iii

Crenarchaeota in Extreme Hot Springs

Crenarchaeota are a major group of Archaea known for living in extreme heat and acidity. They are found in sulfur-rich hot springs, volcanic systems, and submarine hydrothermal vents. Many of these habitats reach temperatures above 100°C. Their survival in these conditions gives clues about life on early Earth. Crenarchaeota also show a wide range of cell shapes. Some form filaments, while others have irregular discs or lobed cocci, which are round cells with lobes. Scientists place them in...

diversity of archaea iv

How Hyperthermophilic Archaea Survive Heat

Hyperthermophilic archaea are heat-loving extremophiles that live at temperatures above 80°C. They are often found in hydrothermal vents and volcanic soils, where the heat can be higher than the boiling point of water. At these temperatures, the proteins, membranes, and DNA of most organisms would break down. These archaea survive because their cell membranes are built differently. Their membranes contain a monolayer of biphytanyl tetraether lipids, which helps resist thermal damage. This...

overview of fungi

Fungi Structure, Reproduction, and Roles

Fungi are eukaryotes that are more closely related to animals than to other eukaryotes. Their cell walls contain chitin, a polysaccharide that gives strength, and glucans, which add flexibility and support. Some fungi also use mannans and galactosans in place of, or along with, chitin. These features help fungi live in acidic places and survive high osmotic pressure. Fungi can be unicellular, like yeasts, or multicellular. In multicellular fungi, the body forms a mycelium, which is a branching...

fungal group zygomycota

Zygomycota: Spores, Hyphae, and Roles

Zygomycota are a former fungal group made up mostly of terrestrial molds that act as decomposers. Recent phylogenetic studies now place them in two major clades: Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota. Mucoromycota includes many symbiotic species, while Zoopagomycota is made up mainly of parasitic and pathogenic fungi. These fungi have coenocytic hyphae, which are filaments without septa, or cross walls. That structure allows cytoplasm and organelles to move through the hyphae in one continuous stream.

fungal phylum microsporidia

Microsporidia Spores and Host Infection

Microsporidia are unicellular fungi that live as obligate intracellular parasites. They were first classified as protists, but phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence later linked them to the Chytridiomycota. These non-motile organisms infect many animal hosts, including humans, and depend heavily on the host cell to survive. Their cells are very small, usually 2 to 5 micrometers wide. Microsporidia form spores with a chitin shell, which helps them resist the outside environment. The...

fungal phylum ascomycota

Ascomycota: Sac Fungi and Their Spore Cycle

Ascomycota are sac fungi with a wide range of forms and roles. This fungal phylum includes unicellular yeasts and filamentous molds such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. They live in aquatic and terrestrial habitats and have major ecological and economic importance. A key feature of ascomycetes is the ascus, a sac-like structure that contains haploid ascospores. These fungi can reproduce sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction starts with plasmogamy, the fusion of cytoplasm from two...

fungal phylum basidiomycota

Basidiomycota: Mushrooms, Spores, and Ecological Roles

Basidiomycota is a major group of fungi that includes mushrooms, puffballs, decomposers, symbionts, plant pathogens, and some edible species. These fungi matter in ecosystems, agriculture, and medicine. A key feature of this phylum is the basidium, a small club-shaped structure that makes basidiospores. Many basidiomycetes form visible fruiting bodies called basidiocarps. The life cycle starts when a haploid basidiospore germinates into monokaryotic mycelium. When two compatible mycelia fuse,...

overview of algae

Algae Structure, Habitats, and Reproduction

Algae are simple eukaryotic photoautotrophs that live in many habitats and show a wide range of body forms. They contain chlorophyll and carry out oxygenic photosynthesis. They belong to the kingdom Archaeplastida, which also includes red and green algae and land plants. Unlike other protists with chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis, red and green algae came from primary endosymbiotic events. Algae can look very different from one another. Some are large brown kelp in coastal waters,...

red algae

Red Algae Pigments, Shapes, and Uses

Red algae are phototrophic organisms found mostly in marine environments. Some species also live in freshwater or on land. They may be unicellular or multicellular, and some multicellular forms grow large enough to be seen easily. These algae contain chlorophyll a, but their chloroplasts do not contain chlorophyll b. Instead, they use phycobiliproteins, which are light-harvesting pigments like those found in cyanobacteria. The red color seen in many species comes from phycoerythrin, an...

green algae

Green Algae: Forms, Habitats, and Roles

Green algae are photosynthetic organisms with chlorophylls a and b in their chloroplasts. These pigments give them a green color. They differ from red algae because they lack phycobiliproteins, the pigments that produce red or blue-green tones in red algae. In pigment makeup, green algae are close to plants, and they share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in the Kingdom Archaeplastida. They are usually divided into two main groups:...

other algae

Stramenopile Algae: Diatoms, Golden, Brown

Stramenopile algae include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae. These phototrophic microorganisms have flagella with many short, hairlike extensions. That feature gave the group its name, which comes from Latin words meaning “straw” and “hair.” Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes, and more than 200 genera are known. They are important parts of plankton in both marine and freshwater ecosystems. Their most distinctive feature is a silica-based cell wall called a frustule. This...

overview of protists

Protist Diversity, Movement, and Survival

Protists are diverse eukaryotic microorganisms with many ways to move, eat, and survive. They do not have the specialized tissues of plants and animals or the chitinous cell walls of fungi. Their early split within Eukarya led to major structural, functional, and ecological diversity. Scientists group protists into supergroups based on genetic analysis and shared structures. These groups include Archaeplastida, Excavata, Amoebozoa, Rhizaria, Alveolata, and Stramenopiles. This classification...

diversity of protists i

Excavata Protists and Their Adaptations

Excavata protists show many different ways of living, from photosynthesis to parasitism. This group includes organisms that can use chemical energy, light, or both. Some also live in low-oxygen, or anaerobic, environments where they survive without normal oxygen-based metabolism. Among the main Excavata groups are diplomonads and parabasalids. These are flagellated protists, meaning they move with whip-like tails, and they lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. They often live in anoxic habitats,...

diversity of protists ii

Alveolates: Ciliates, Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans

Alveolates are protists with tiny sacs called alveoli beneath the cell membrane. These sacs may help control water balance by limiting how much water moves in and out of the cell. In dinoflagellates, alveoli may also act like armor plates. The three main alveolate groups are ciliates, dinoflagellates, and apicomplexans. Ciliates move with cilia, which are short hair-like structures that can cover the whole cell or appear in rows or tufts. One well-known ciliate is Paramecium, which uses cilia...

diversity of protists iii

Rhizaria: Pseudopods, Tests, and Skeletons

Rhizaria are unicellular protists with threadlike pseudopodia, which are thin cytoplasmic extensions used for movement and feeding. Their amoeboid shape once caused taxonomic confusion, but molecular phylogenetics has since shown where they fit on the evolutionary tree. This group includes Chlorarachniophyta, Radiolaria, and Foraminifera, and each lineage has adapted to a different ecological niche and metabolic strategy. Chlorarachniophyta are unicellular phototrophic protists found in marine...

diversity of protists iv

Amoebozoa: Movement and Life Cycles

Amoebozoa are a diverse group of terrestrial and aquatic protists. They move and feed with lobe-shaped pseudopodia. This feature sets them apart from Rhizaria, which have threadlike pseudopodia. The group includes gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and the plasmodial and cellular slime molds. Phylogenetic evidence also shows that Amoebozoa split from a lineage that later gave rise to fungi and animals. Gymnamoebas are free-living protists that live in water and soil. They move by amoeboid movement,...

key terms and concepts

Explore Planctomycetes cell structure, budding division, stalks, and unique compartments like pirellulosomes and anammoxosomes in this high school biology video.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

microbiology

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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