Internal Rotation
Internal Rotation - Related Videos
05:56
Mental Rotation
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum—Johns Hopkins University Visual mental imagery refers to the ability to conjure images in one’s mind’s eye. This allows people to process visual material above and beyond the constraints of a current point-of-view; for example, a person could imagine, using their mind’s eye, how something might look in a different color, or what it would look like if it were made from a different material or rotated and seen from a different perspective. Mental imagery...
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Rotational Inertia
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2023
Source: Nicholas Timmons, Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics & Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA Inertia is the resistance of an object to being accelerated. In linear kinematics, this concept is directly related to the mass of an object. The more massive an object, the more force is required to accelerate that object. This is seen directly in Newton's second law, which states that force is equal to mass times acceleration. For rotation,...
09:18
Internal Standards
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2023
Source: Laboratory of Dr. B. Jill Venton - University of Virginia The goal of many chemical analyses is a quantitative analysis, where the amount of a substance in a sample is determined. In order to accurately calculate the concentration of an unknown from a sample, careful sample preparation is key. Every time a sample is handled or transferred, some of the sample can be lost. There are strategies however, for minimizing sample loss. There are also strategies for coping with sample loss and...
02:00
Internal Energy
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2020
The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with initial internal energy, Uinitial, undergoes a change in energy (transfer of work or heat), and the final internal energy of the system is Ufinal. Change in internal energy equals the difference between Ufinal and Uinitial. Although the values for Ufinal and Uinitial cannot be determined for a system, the first law of thermodynamics only...
07:22
Arthroscopic Management of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: Whole Rotator Cable Reconstruction Using Proximal Biceps Tendon Autograft
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Cited by 1 •
2025
Massive irreparable rotator cuff tears (MIRCTs) pose significant clinical challenges due to their complex pathology and limited treatment options. This study introduces whole rotator cable reconstruction (WRCR) using proximal biceps tendon autograft as a novel surgical technique for MIRCTs.
FAQs
The torsional potential-energy barrier changes as a bond twists because electron overlap, eclipsing interactions, and steric repulsion change with relative orientation. Orientations that intensify these effects are less energetically favorable, whereas lower-energy regions correspond to more stable conformations. Mapping this energy variation lets chemists connect molecular geometry with the ease and extent of internal motion.
Internal rotation can range from nearly free to strongly hindered, depending on the size of the torsional barrier. A low barrier permits substantial movement between conformations, while a higher barrier restricts access to some orientations. This distinction matters because molecules with different rotational freedom can show different conformer populations, thermodynamic behavior, and spectroscopic features.
Conformer populations are related to the relative energies encountered during torsional motion. Internal rotation therefore provides a way to connect a molecule’s accessible conformations with its thermodynamic behavior rather than treating one geometry as permanently fixed. The same conformational landscape can also influence spectroscopic features, allowing measurements to probe molecular flexibility and dynamic structure.
An analysis should begin by identifying the bond and the two molecular portions that can change their relative orientation. Chemists then consider how twisting alters electron overlap, eclipsing interactions, and steric repulsion, and use the resulting torsional energy variation to assess favored conformations and rotational freedom. This sequence connects structural inspection with predictions about motion and observable behavior.
Beyond conformer analysis, internal rotation supports investigations of molecular structure and reaction pathways. Changes in relative orientation can identify accessible geometries and clarify how molecular motion relates to a process. Applying this perspective to organic and inorganic molecules helps researchers interpret structure as dynamic rather than static, especially when flexibility contributes to the behavior under study.
Spectroscopic studies can benefit from Internal Rotation analysis because torsional motion contributes to the features observed for a molecule. Comparing expected conformational behavior with spectroscopic observations helps connect energy barriers and molecular flexibility to measurable properties. This approach is useful when one structural picture cannot adequately represent the range of conformations sampled by the molecule.