Polymer Particle Bonding
Polymer Particle Bonding - Related Videos
09:06
Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles
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Cited by 45 •
2014
Lymph nodes are the immunological tissues that orchestrate immune response and are a critical target for vaccines. Biomaterials have been employed to better target lymph nodes and to control delivery of antigens or adjuvants. This paper describes a technique combining these ideas to inject biocompatible polymer particles into lymph nodes.
02:34
Polymers
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2020
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
06:56
Particles without a Box: Brush-first Synthesis of Photodegradable PEG Star Polymers under Ambient Conditions
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Cited by 17 •
2013
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brush-arm star polymers (BASPs) with narrow mass distributions and tunable nanoscopic sizes are synthesized in via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a PEG-norbornene macromonomer followed by transfer of portions of the resulting living brush initiator to vials containing varied amounts of a rigid, photo-cleavable bis-norbornene crosslinker.
02:49
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
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2020
Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it. The energy required to break a specific covalent bond in one mole of gaseous molecules is called the bond energy or the bond dissociation energy. The bond energy for a...
02:32
Bonding in Metals
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2020
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. Electron Sea Model Most metal atoms do not possess enough valence electrons to enter into an ionic or covalent bonding. However, the valence electrons in metal atoms are loosely held due to their low electronegativity or attraction with the nucleus. The ionization energy of metal atoms (energy required to remove an electron from...
FAQs
Polymer-chain interdiffusion strengthens a contact when chains from neighboring particle surfaces move across the interface and become physically entangled. This reduces the distinct boundary between particles and improves cohesion after the surfaces have been brought into an appropriate condition. The resulting bond depends on how effectively the polymer surfaces can rearrange and maintain contact during processing.
Melting and coalescence join particles by allowing softened or melted surfaces to merge. Solvent-assisted fusion uses solvent exposure to promote surface joining without relying on the same thermal pathway. Chemical crosslinking instead creates chemically connected structures. Selecting among these mechanisms affects particle morphology, bond strength, and the stability of the final material.
Temperature, solvent exposure, surface functionality, and pressure are key variables because they control how readily particle interfaces develop adhesion. Temperature can favor melting or chain movement, while solvents can support surface fusion. Surface functionality enables chemical interactions or crosslinking, and pressure improves contact between particles. Their combined effects determine cohesion and morphology.
A practical workflow begins by selecting a polymer and bonding mechanism compatible with the intended material. Particles are then exposed to suitable temperature, solvent conditions, surface functionality, or pressure so their interfaces can join. After processing, the structure is evaluated for cohesion, morphology, bond strength, and stability to determine whether the conditions were appropriate.
The approach supports powder processing, additive manufacturing, drug delivery systems, filtration media, and advanced composite materials. In each case, bonding conditions help convert separate particles into a useful structure while preserving a desired morphology or stability. The same chemistry can therefore support both bulk material fabrication and systems in which particle organization affects function.
Chemical control links processing conditions to measurable material outcomes. Adjusting temperature, solvent exposure, surface functionality, or pressure changes interfacial adhesion and may alter particle morphology, bond strength, and material stability. This relationship allows researchers to tailor cohesive structures, coatings, composites, or porous materials for the requirements of a particular application rather than treating bonding as a single fixed process.