Secondary Metabolite Yield
Secondary Metabolite Yield - Related Videos
05:51
Evaluating Leaf Responses to Microbial Secondary Metabolites Using A High-Throughput Format
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2025
This protocol describes a high-throughput approach for evaluating plant ion leakage, peroxidase activity, and callose production in the same sample.
16:03
A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms
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Cited by 6 •
2015
This bioassay employs a model predatory fish to assess the presence of feeding-deterrent metabolites from organic extracts of the tissues of marine organisms at natural concentrations using a nutritionally comparable food matrix.
01:31
ATP Yield
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2019
Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle). The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
04:32
13C6-Glucose Labeling Associated with LC-MS: Identification of Plant Primary Organs in Secondary Metabolite Synthesis
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2024
The developed method of 13C6-Glucose labeling combined with liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry is versatile and lays the foundation for future studies on the primary organs and pathways involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants, as well as the comprehensive utilization of these secondary metabolites.
02:22
Reaction Yield
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2020
The theoretical yield of a reaction is the amount of product estimated to form based on the stoichiometry of the balanced chemical equation. The theoretical yield assumes the complete conversion of the limiting reactant into the desired product. The amount of product that is obtained by performing the reaction is called the actual yield, and it may be less than or (very rarely) equal to the theoretical yield. Percent Yield In the case of chemical reactions, the actual yield of the product is...
FAQs
Biosynthetic gene clusters coordinate genes that encode enzymes for assembling and modifying specialized compounds, along with functions that help transport them. Their organization allows several pathway steps to respond together to developmental or environmental signals. Changes in cluster activity can therefore alter how much compound accumulates and can help explain differences in production among genetically distinct strains.
These signals regulate the activity of genetic pathways rather than simply determining whether an organism grows. When conditions or developmental stages change, the relevant biosynthetic genes may become more or less active, affecting enzyme production and pathway output. Studying this regulation helps researchers determine why the same organism or strain can produce different amounts under different biological circumstances.
Genetic variation can change the activity or effectiveness of biosynthetic pathways, producing strains with different chemical outputs. Comparing those differences helps researchers identify high-producing variants and connect particular genetic features with increased or reduced yield. The same analysis can also reveal how genetic diversity contributes to variation in the natural products made by related organisms.
Pathway output depends on more than the initial construction of a compound. Enzymes assemble the chemical structure, other enzymes modify it, and transport functions influence its movement within or beyond the producing organism. Disruption or altered regulation at any of these stages can affect the final amount detected, making the complete gene cluster important when interpreting yield.
Researchers quantify the amount of a specialized compound produced and compare that measurement across strains or genetic variants. The comparison can identify high-producing organisms and reveal production differences associated with pathway variation or regulation. This approach links genetic analysis with an observable chemical outcome, supporting decisions about which variants merit further study or optimization.
Yield analysis is useful whenever researchers need to determine which organisms or variants produce desirable amounts of a natural product. Comparisons can support work on antibiotics, pigments, toxins, and other specialized compounds by identifying productive strains and clarifying genetic influences on output. The resulting information can guide efforts to improve production for pharmaceutical, agricultural, or industrial purposes.
Yield measurements provide an outcome for evaluating whether changes to genetic pathways improve production. By examining biosynthetic gene clusters, their regulation, and the resulting compound levels, researchers can identify pathways suitable for optimization. This connects genetic design with chemical performance and supports efforts to increase production of natural products relevant to pharmaceutical, agricultural, and industrial applications.
They can show how genetic differences influence both the quantity and diversity of specialized chemicals. A strain that produces more of one compound, or produces a different compound, may reflect variation in biosynthetic genes, pathway regulation, or associated functions. Consequently, yield studies help connect genome-level differences with chemical traits and broaden understanding of natural-product diversity.