Name: vaporization, boiling, and evaporation
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:01.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.3.1

Vaporization

- [Istruttore] La
vaporizzazione è la transizione

da un liquido a un gas o vapore.

Ad esempio, quando si aggiunge
energia termica all'acqua,

raggiunge il suo punto di
ebollizione e diventa vapore.

La quantità di energia necessaria
a vaporizzare una massa

di liquido a una temperatura
costante è chiamata

calore di vaporizzazione.

Inoltre, la vaporizzazione può avvenire

anche sulla superficie di un liquido

in un processo chiamato evaporazione.

Questa volta, l'energia cinetica è fornita

dal sole e dal vento.

Se l'energia supera le
forze intermolecolari,

le molecole possono
liberarsi e diventare vapore,

un importante mezzo di
raffreddamento animale è il sudore.

Poiché il sudore è acqua,
queste molecole evaporano.

Quando scappano, l'energia
termica immagazzinata

nelle molecole segue,

abbassando la temperatura
collettiva delle gocce rimanenti

e si traduce in una temperatura
corporea più fredda.

L'evaporazione è anche
una forza importante

nella traspirazione delle piante

con l'aiuto della
coesione e dell'adesione.

L'evaporazione dell'acqua
sulla superficie delle foglie

aiuta a richiamare le molecole vicine,

portando l'acqua dalle radici alle foglie.

vaporizzazione

La vaporizzazione trasforma una sostanza liquida in una sostanza gassosa o vaporosa. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo, l'energia cinetica deve essere maggiore delle forze intermolecolari che mantengono le molecole legate. La quantità di energia necessaria per vaporizzare una quantità di liquido ad una determinata pressione e una temperatura costante è chiamata calore della vaporizzazione. Quando l'acqua liquida viene vaporizzata, si trasforma in vapore.

<h4>Metodi</h4>

L'aggiunta di calore a un liquido fino a raggiungere il suo punto di ebollizione è un metodo di vaporizzazione. L'ebollizione è un tipo di vaporizzazione che si verifica quando le bolle di vapore si formano sotto la superficie del liquido. Il punto di ebollizione varia in base alla pressione atmosferica. Con più pressione atmosferica, è necessaria più energia per raggiungere il punto di ebollizione. A livello del mare, l'acqua bolle a 100 oC (212 oF), questa temperatura del livello del mare è chiamata punto di ebollizione normale o atmosferica. A quote più elevate, l'acqua richiede meno energia per bollire. Sul Monte Everest, l'acqua bolle a circa 71 oC (160 oF). Nello spazio, che manca di un'atmosfera ma è anche estremamente freddo, l'acqua prima bolle e poi congela, una conseguenza dell'elevata capacità di calore dell'acqua.

L'evaporazione, un altro tipo di vaporizzazione, si verifica sotto il punto di ebollizione. In questo processo, le molecole d'acqua con abbastanza energia cinetica da superare le forze intermolecolari sfuggono alla superficie dell'acqua come vapore. Le molecole d'acqua rimanenti hanno una minore energia cinetica. Se questo accade su larga scala, l'energia cinetica complessiva della massa liquida diminuisce, raffreddando il liquido. La sudorazione sfrutta il fenomeno dell'evaporazione per diminuire la temperatura corporea. Quando il sudore evapora dal corpo, il sudore rimanente è più fresco e aiuta ad assorbire il calore dal corpo.

Le proprietà evaporative dell'acqua sono utilizzate anche dalle piante per aiutare a spostare l'acqua attraverso l'impianto. Poiché le molecole d'acqua vengono rilasciate dai pori sulle foglie ed evaporano, attraggono molecole d'acqua sotto di esse verso l'alto attraverso l'adesione molecolare. Su scala ambientale, l'evaporazione dell'acqua è il motore che guida il ciclo dell'acqua e gran parte del tempo e del clima della Terra. Circa il 71% della superficie terrestre è acqua, quindi è importante comprendere i meccanismi e la potenza dell'evaporazione dell'acqua.

Vaporizzazione

The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize ...

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vaporization, boiling, and evaporation

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization.

Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the surface of the liquid. The boiling point changes with atmospheric pressure. With more pressure, more energy is needed to reach the boiling point.

At sea level, water boils at the normal, or atmospheric, boiling point of 100 °C, or 212 °F. At higher elevations, water needs less energy to boil. For example, water boils at about 71 °C, or 160 °F, on Mount Everest. Evaporation is another form of vaporization, but it happens below the boiling point.

During evaporation, water molecules with enough kinetic energy escape from the surface as vapor. The molecules left behind have lower kinetic energy. If evaporation happens on a large scale, the liquid loses overall kinetic energy and cools. Sweat uses this effect to lower body temperature. As perspiration evaporates, the cooler sweat helps absorb heat from the body. Plants also use water’s evaporative properties to move water upward through the plant. On a larger scale, evaporation drives the water cycle and helps shape Earth’s weather and climate.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

the periodic table and organismal elements

the-periodic-table-and-organismal-elements

Periodic Table Basics for Living Things

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covalent bonds

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ionic bonds

Ionic Compounds and Electrolytes

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hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen Bonds in Water

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van der waals interactions

Intermolecular Forces in Polar Solutions

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Elements, Compounds, and Bonding

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Electron Geometry and Lone Pairs

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chemical reactions

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redox reactions

Electron Transfer in Redox

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cohesion

Water Molecules and Surface Tension

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adhesion

Water Climbing by Adhesion

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states of water

Water Phase Changes and Ice Density

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specific heat

How Specific Heat Affects Temperature

Specific heat capacity describes how much energy a substance needs to rise by 1 degree Celsius for each gram. It is often written with calories, grams, and degrees Celsius, but it can also be shown in joules, kilograms, and Kelvin. For water, 1 gram needs 1 calorie to increase by 1°C, which is also written as 1 cal/g-°C or 4186 J/kg/K. Water has a high specific heat capacity, so it takes in a large amount of heat before its temperature changes much. It also gives off a lot of heat when it...

vaporization

Vaporization changes a liquid into vapor when temperature adds enough kinetic energy to overcome intermolecular forces. It is a surface phenomenon, which means it starts at the liquid’s surface. The energy needed to vaporize a set amount of liquid at a given pressure and constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. Water shows this process clearly. When liquid water is vaporized, it becomes steam. One way this happens is boiling, which occurs when vapor bubbles form beneath the...

solvents

Water as a Biological Solvent

Water acts as a biological solvent in many living systems. A solvent is a substance, usually a liquid, that dissolves another substance called a solute. When a solvent and a solute mix, they form a solution, which is a uniform mixture of both parts. Water is called a universal biological solvent because its polar structure helps it dissolve many other polar compounds. Polarity means that one side of the molecule has a slight positive charge and the other side has a slight negative charge.

carbon skeletons

Carbon Backbones in Biomolecules

Carbon backbones give biological molecules their structure and flexibility. Living things are built from macromolecules that contain carbon atoms, and organic compounds are defined by a carbon backbone. Carbon is tetravalent, so each carbon atom can bond with four other atoms. Its valence electrons are stable, so carbon rarely becomes an ion. As carbon chains get longer, they can form ring structures, double bonds, and branching side chains. Carbon-carbon bonds create the carbon skeleton.

key terms and concepts

Explore how heat changes liquids into vapor, including boiling, evaporation, boiling point changes with pressure, cooling from sweat, and the water cycle.

Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core Biologia illustra i concetti chiave della biologia grazie a oltre 300 video-lezioni animate, concise e di facile comprensione. Inoltre, negli oltre 150 video di "scienziati in azione", i concetti scientifici vengono applicati e dimostrati da ricercatori attraverso esperimenti in laboratorio.

Alabama Course of Study Science

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

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Vaporization, Boiling, and Evaporation

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