Name: atp production by chemiosmosis
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.4

LS.4.b

Chemiosmosis

- [Narratore] Durante

la catena di trasporto degli elettroni,

gli ioni idrogeno vengono pompati
nello spazio intermembrano

per creare un gradiente protonico.

Nel prossimo processo
chiamato chemiosmosi,

questi ioni vengono riportati
nella matrice mitocondriale

per generare ATP da ADP.

La struttura responsabile
del movimento degli ioni

è un complesso di ATP sintasi,

che è incorporato nell'intermembrana

del mitocondrio.

E' costituito da un 'rastrello',

il canale in cui gli ioni idrogeno entrano

ed escono dall complesso,

e un rotore a più unità che gira

mentre gli ioni idrogeno si
legano e cambiano la forma

di ogni sottounità.

Il rotore di rotazione
gira poi un'asta interna

che attiva una serie di
proteine catalitiche stazionarie

al fosforilato ADP,

risultando nella produzione di ATP.

Durante l'intero processo catabolico,

vengono prodotti due ATP
durante la glicolisi,

due durante il ciclo dell'acido citrico

e tra i 26 e i 28 durante
la fosforilazione ossidata.

<ol>
	<li>Xu, Ting, Vijayakanth Pagadala e David M. Mueller. "Comprensione della struttura, della funzione e delle mutazioni nell'ATP sintasi mitocondriale". Microbial Cell 2, n. 4 (24 marzo 2015): 105–25. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.15698/mic2015.04.197">Sorgente</a>]</li>
	<li>Turner, Nigel, Gregory J. Cooney, Edward W. Kraegen e Clinton R. Bruce. "Metabolismo degli acidi grassi, dispendio energetico e insulino-resistenza nei muscoli". Journal of Endocrinology 220, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2014): T61–79. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-13-0397">Sorgente</a>]</li>
</ol>

chemiosmosi

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

La fosforilazione ossidativa è un processo altamente efficiente che genera grandi quantità di trifosfato di adenosina (ATP), l'unità di base dell'energia che guida molti processi nelle cellule viventi. La fosforilazione ossidativa coinvolge due processi: il trasporto di elettroni e la chemiosmosi. Durante il trasporto di elettroni, gli elettroni sono sbilanciati tra grandi complessi sulla membrana mitocondriale interna e i protoni (H)vengono pompati attraverso la membrana nello spazio intermembrana, creando un gradiente elettrochimico. Nella fase successiva, i protoni rifluiscono lungo il loro gradiente nella matrice mitocondriale tramite la sintasi ATP, un complesso proteico incorporato all'interno della membrana interna. Questo processo, chiamato chemiosmosi, utilizza l'energia del gradiente protonico per guidare la sintesi dell'ATP da adenosina difosfato (ADP).

<h4>Catena di trasporto di elettroni</h4>

La catena di trasporto degli elettroni è una serie di complessi che trasferiscono gli elettroni dai donatori di elettroni agli accetti di elettroni attraverso reazioni simultanee di riduzione e ossidazione, altrimenti note come reazioni redox. Alla fine della catena, gli elettroni riducono l'ossigeno molecolare per produrre acqua.

L'chiusura degli elettroni tra i complessi è accoppiata al trasferimento di protoni, in base al quale i protoni (H- ioni) viaggiano dalla matrice mitocondriale allo spazio intermembrana rispetto al loro gradiente di concentrazione. Alla fine, l'alta concentrazione di protoni nelle forze spaziali intermembrane costringe i protoni lungo il loro gradiente di concentrazione indietro nella matrice mitocondriale attraverso la sintasi ATP, producendo così ATP. Questo processo, che utilizza energia immagazzinata nel gradiente protonico attraverso la membrana per guidare il lavoro cellulare, è chiamato chemiosmosi.

<h4>ATP Sintasi</h4>

La struttura responsabile del movimento dei protoni attraverso la membrana mitocondriale interna è il coplesso proteico ATP sintasi. È costituito da uno statore, il canale in cui gli ioni di idrogeno entrano e lasciano il complesso, un rotore multiunità (F0)incorporato all'interno della membrana e una manopola di proteine catalitiche (F1)situate nella matrice mitocondriale. Il rotore F0 ruota come ioni di idrogeno si legano a, e cambiare la forma di, ogni sottounità. Il rotore rotante trasforma quindi una canna interna che cambia la conformazione di F1 che facilita il suo legame con ADP e fosfato inorganico, con conseguente produzione di ATP.

<h4>Produzione ATP</h4>

Il processo di respirazione aerobica può produrre un totale di 30 o 32 ATP per molecola di glucosio consumato (Figura 3). Quattro ATP vengono prodotti durante la glicolisi, ma due vengono consumati nel processo, ottenendo un totale netto di due molecole ATP. Una molecola ATP viene prodotta per giro del ciclo Krebs, e si verificano due cicli per ogni molecola di glucosio, producendo un totale netto di due ATP. Infine, 26 o 28 ATP sono prodotti nella catena di trasporto degli elettroni attraverso il fosfororilazione ossidativa, a seconda che NADH o FADH2 vengano utilizzati come trasportatore elettronico.

Chemiosmosi

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives ...

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Didattica

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Biology

Biologia

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Processi cellulari

Cellular Respiration

Respirazione cellulare

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

atp production by chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells.

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set of redox reactions. At the end of the chain, the electrons reduce molecular oxygen to form water. As the electrons move between complexes, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space against their concentration gradient.

That proton buildup powers ATP synthase, a protein complex embedded in the inner membrane. ATP synthase has a stator, a rotor called F0, and a catalytic knob called F1 in the mitochondrial matrix. When protons bind to the F0 rotor, it spins. This rotation turns the gamma subunit, which changes the shape of the F1 subunits so they can make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Peter Mitchell discovered the chemiosmotic mechanism needed for ATP synthesis in respiring cells. Plants also use chemiosmosis to turn energy from sunlight into chemical energy stored in ATP. During aerobic respiration, a cell can make a total of 30 or 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Glycolysis produces four ATP but uses two, for a net gain of two. The Krebs cycle produces one ATP per round, and two rounds occur per glucose, adding two more ATP. The electron transport chain then produces 32 to 34 ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, depending on whether NADH or FADH2 serves as the electron carrier.

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

How Food Becomes ATP

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the electron transport chain and ATP synthase work together in chemiosmosis to make ATP during aerobic respiration and in plants.

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

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from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

HS-LS2-3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.5

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BIO.11

BIO.11.A

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New York State Science Learning Standards

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

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HS-LS1-7.

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ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

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