Name: how food becomes atp
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.9

Dietary Connections

- [Narratore] In aggiunta al glucosio,

gli organismi ingeriscono cibo

in forma di carboidrati,
proteine e lipidi,

che svolgono anch'essi
un ruolo nella glicolisi.

I carboidrati, catene formate
da molti zuccheri semplici,

vengono prima spezzettati
in unità più piccole

e inviati alla via glicolitica,

dove vengono decomposti in piruvato.

Per esempio il sucrosio,

uno zucchero che si trova
in molti frutti e verdure,

viene scisso
in due zuccheri più semplici,

fruttosio e glucosio

e poi catabolizzato nella via glicolitica.

Le proteine, tramite enzimi,
vengono scisse in aminoacidi

e mentre alcuni
di questi vengono riciclati

per costruire nuove proteine,

altri possono entrare
nella via glicolitica

in diversi punti,

ma solo dopo la rimozione
del gruppo aminico

e la sua conversione in ammoniaca.

Infine i lipidi,

sotto forma di colesterolo e trigliceridi,

vengono catabolizzati in un processo

chiamato beta-ossidazione.

Le catene di acidi grassi

sono convertite in gruppi acetile,

che vengono quindi raccolti dal coenzima A

ed entrano nella via attraverso
il ciclo dell'acido citrico.

interconnessione delle vie metaboliche

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

Le vie metaboliche sono interconnesse. I processi di respirazione cellulare che convertono il glucosio in ATP, come la glicolisi, l'ossidazione del pirovalo e il ciclo dell'acido citrico in quelli che scompongono altri composti organici. Di conseguenza, vari alimenti, dalle mele al formaggio, al guacamole, finiscono come ATP. Oltre ai carboidrati, il cibo contiene anche proteine e lipidi, come colesterolo e grassi. Tutti questi composti organici sono utilizzati come fonti di energia (cioè, per produrre ATP).

<h4>Digestione di carboidrati</h4>

Il corpo umano possiede diversi enzimi che scompongono i carboidrati in zuccheri semplici. Mentre il glucosio può entrare direttamente nella glicolisi, alcuni zuccheri semplici, come fruttosio e galattosio, vengono prima convertiti in zuccheri che sono intermedi del percorso glicolitico.

<h4>Digestione delle proteine</h4>

Le proteine sono suddivise dagli enzimi nei loro amminoacidi costituenti, che di solito vengono riciclati per creare nuove proteine. Tuttavia, se il corpo sta morendo di fame o c'è un surplus di aminoacidi, alcuni aminoacidi possono perdere i loro gruppi di aminicii e successivamente entrare nella respirazione cellulare. I gruppi aminici persi vengono convertiti in ammoniaca e incorporati in prodotti di scarto. Diversi aminoacidi entrano nella respirazione cellulare in diverse fasi, tra cui glicolisi, ossidazione del piruvato e il ciclo dell'acido citrico. Gli amminoacidi possono anche essere prodotti da intermedi nei processi di respirazione cellulare.

<h4>Digestione dei grassi</h4>

I lipidi, come il colesterolo e i trigliceridi (cioè i grassi), possono anche essere prodotti e ripartiti in vie respiratorie cellulari. I trigliceridi, ad esempio, sono composti da glicerolo e tre acidi grassi. Il glicerolo fosforilato può entrare in glicolisi. Gli acidi grassi entrano nel ciclo dell'acido citrico dopo essere stati convertiti in CoA acetil attraverso una serie di reazioni chiamate beta-ossidazione.

L'energia biochimica, sotto forma di ATP, può quindi essere ottenuta da carboidrati, proteine o lipidi.

Interconnessione delle vie metaboliche

In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP&#8212;such as ...

Education

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Biologia

Cellular Processes

Processi cellulari

Cellular Respiration

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

how food becomes atp

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy.

Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway.

Proteins are digested into amino acids. The body usually recycles these amino acids to build new proteins. If the body is starving or has extra amino acids, some amino acids lose their amino groups and can enter cellular respiration. The lost amino groups become ammonia and are added to waste products. Different amino acids can enter at glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, or the citric acid cycle. Amino acids can also be made from intermediates in cellular respiration.

Lipids also connect to energy production. Triglycerides, or fats, are made of glycerol and three fatty acids. Phosphorylated glycerol enters glycolysis. Fatty acids first go through beta-oxidation, a series of reactions that converts them into acetyl CoA. They then enter the citric acid cycle. In this way, biochemical energy in the form of ATP can come from carbohydrates, proteins, or lipids.

How Food Becomes ATP

what is glycolysis?

Glycolysis: How Cells Break Down Glucose

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration and a key way cells break down glucose to make energy. Cellular respiration converts food energy from macromolecules into ATP, the cell’s main energy currency. Glycolysis also creates intermediate molecules that can feed into other pathways. In this pathway, one six-carbon sugar such as glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules, including pyruvate. The process produces a net gain of two ATP molecules, since four ATP are made and two...

energy-requiring steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: Glucose Trapping and Splitting

Glycolysis begins in the cytosol, where glucose is prepared for use as energy. This process has two phases: an energy-requiring phase and an energy-releasing phase. The first phase changes glucose into a more reactive, unstable form before it can move into later steps. In the first step, glucose is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added from ATP. This produces glucose 6-phosphate. The added phosphate is negatively charged, so it cannot cross the hydrophobic cell membrane. As a...

energy-releasing steps of glycolysis

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Formation

Glycolysis produces ATP and NADH during its energy-releasing phase. These reactions are the last steps of glycolysis and convert glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, into pyruvate. The phase is often described as steps 6 to 10, and it happens twice because two 3-carbon sugars are made earlier in glycolysis. The sixth step begins with two linked events. G3P is oxidized, which means it loses hydrogen, and it is phosphorylated, which means a phosphate group is added. NAD+ acts as the electron...

pyruvate oxidation

How Pyruvate Becomes Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is prepared for the next stage of cellular respiration inside the mitochondria. After glycolysis, the charged pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria by active transport. There, they go through three enzymatic reactions so the energy stored in pyruvate can be used by the cell. First, pyruvate dehydrogenase removes the carboxyl group from pyruvate. This step releases carbon dioxide. Next, the stripped molecule is oxidized, and the electrons are picked up by NAD+ to make NADH. The...

the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Energy and Products

The citric acid cycle is a key energy-making pathway in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the matrix of mitochondria. In prokaryotic cells, it occurs in the cytoplasm. The cycle starts with acetyl CoA, which enters the pathway after pyruvate oxidation. That earlier step makes two acetyl CoA molecules per glucose molecule. For that reason, the citric acid cycle runs twice for each glucose molecule. The pathway includes eight...

electron transport chains

ATP Production by the Electron Transport Chain

ATP production in the electron transport chain is the final stage of cellular respiration. This stage is part of oxidative phosphorylation, which has two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Its main job is to build a proton gradient. That gradient is then used during chemiosmosis to make ATP. The process also regenerates the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, which are needed again in...

chemiosmosis

ATP Production by Chemiosmosis

ATP production by chemiosmosis is part of oxidative phosphorylation, the efficient stage of cellular respiration that makes most of the cell’s ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation includes two linked processes: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Together, they help generate adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, the main energy molecule used by cells. The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. These complexes pass electrons through a set...

electron carriers

Electron Carriers in Cellular Respiration

Electron carriers help move electrons through cellular respiration. They act like shuttles that can accept electrons, which means they are reduced, or give electrons away, which means they are oxidized. This changing between oxidized and reduced forms is essential for energy production. As glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water, it loses electrons at several stages. Electron carriers pick up those electrons and store them temporarily. They then release the electrons into the...

fermentation

Fermentation Pathways Without Oxygen

Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that lets cells make energy without oxygen. It begins after glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis. Glycolysis is the same first step used in aerobic respiration. When oxygen is unavailable, pyruvate does not enter aerobic respiration. Instead, cells convert pyruvate into other organic molecules through pathways that depend on the organism. A key purpose of fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can keep running. <br...

dietary connections

Food becomes ATP through connected steps in cellular respiration. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids all feed into these pathways. The body can use foods such as apples, cheese, and guacamole as sources of energy. Carbohydrate digestion starts with enzymes that break complex carbohydrates into simple sugars. Glucose can enter glycolysis directly. Fructose and galactose must first be converted into sugars that are intermediates of the glycolytic pathway. Proteins are digested into amino acids.

introduction to cellular respiration

Cellular Respiration: ATP Production Steps

Cellular respiration is the process cells use to turn energy from food into ATP. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, stores energy in chemical bonds that can be released quickly when cells need it. Much of the energy released during respiration becomes heat, but some of it is captured to make ATP. This process depends on oxidation-reduction, or redox, reactions. In these reactions, oxidation means electron loss and reduction means electron gain. The electron carriers NAD+ and FAD, along with their...

products of the citric acid cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Output in Cellular Respiration

The citric acid cycle is a key stage of aerobic respiration in cells. It is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Plants and animals use this oxygen-requiring pathway as part of cellular respiration. This cycle happens after glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation. Glycolysis makes two pyruvate molecules from each glucose molecule. During pyruvate oxidation, each pyruvate becomes acetyl-CoA, which is the input for the citric acid cycle. That means one glucose molecule...

outcomes of glycolysis

Glycolysis Products in Cellular Respiration

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration and breaks glucose into smaller molecules. Cells use this process to pull energy from glucose over a series of chemical reactions. Cellular respiration can happen with oxygen or without oxygen. In both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration, glycolysis makes a net gain of two pyruvate molecules, two NADH molecules, and two ATP molecules. Four ATP molecules are produced, but two ATP molecules are used earlier in the pathway. Glycolysis...

atp yield

How Cellular Respiration Makes ATP

Cellular respiration makes ATP from glucose in several stages. The process usually produces 30 to 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Most of that ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain, while 4 ATP are made earlier, with 2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain, or ETC, sits in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has four main protein complexes and ATP synthase, the enzyme that makes ATP. NADH and FADH2 deliver electrons to...

key terms and concepts

See how carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enter cellular respiration and help make ATP. Learn how digestion links food molecules to energy.

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BIO1.LS1.3

How Food Becomes ATP

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