Name: mendel’s pea plant inheritance ratios
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:16.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

Life Science

LS.10

LS.10.c

Monohybrid Crosses

- [Istruttore] Usando la pianta
dei piselli, Gregor Mendel

eseguì originariamente
degli incroci monoibridi

esperimenti di riproduzione tra organismi

con la variante di un singolo tratto,

come il colore del baccello.

Ad esempio, nella generazione
genitoriale originale, P0,

un genitore ha tutti i baccelli verdi.

Il suo genotipo è omozigote
per l'allele di colore del

bacello verde

rappresentato come G maiuscolo.

L'altro genitore ha solo baccelli gialli

ed è omozigote per
l'allele bacello giallo,

indicato con g minuscolo.

All'incrocio, la prima progenie,

la progenie della generazione
F1 appare identica,

esprime lo stesso fenotipo
di baccelli verdi.

Questo risultato illustra
il principio di dominanza

e indica che il verde
è il tratto dominante

tra i due colori.

Ora quando le piante della generazione F1

si autofertilizzano,

la loro progenie, le
piante F2, ne contengono

alcune con baccelli verdi

mentre altri contengono bacelli gialli

in un rapporto di tre a uno.

Il che conferma che il giallo
è davvero il tratto recessivo,

la forma silente riportata
dai genitori iniziali.

Griffiths, Anthony J.F., Jeffrey H. Miller, David T. Suzuki, Richard C. Lewontin e William M. Gelbart. 2000. Introduzione all'analisi genetica. New York: W.H. Freeman. [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22098/" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

Miko, Ilona. 2008. "Incroci di prova". Educazione alla natura 1 (1): 136. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/test-crosses-585" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

incroci monoibridi

<h4>Panoramica</h4>

Negli anni 1850 e 1860, Gregor Mendel studiò l'eredità eseguendo croci monoibride nelle piante di piselli. Attraversò due piante che si riproducono per tratti diversi. Sulla base delle sue osservazioni, Mendel propose che gli organismi ereditano due copie di ogni tratto, una da ogni genitore, e che i tratti dominanti possono nascondere tratti recessivi. Questi risultati hanno costituito la base di due principi fondamentali nella genetica: il Principio di Uniformità e la Legge di Segregazione.

<h4>Le croci Monoibride rivelano tratti dominanti e recessivi</h4>

Nel corso di otto anni, che si estendevano negli anni 1850 e 1860, un monaco austriaco di nome Gregor Mendel effettuò esperimenti di allevamento seminale con piante di piselli. Questi esperimenti dimostrarono i principi fondamentali dell'eredità, guadagnandosi il soprannome di "padre della genetica moderna". Gli esperimenti di Mendel si sono concentrati su sette caratteristiche della pianta di piselli, ognuna delle quali si è manifestata come uno dei due tratti che sono determinati da un singolo locus genico.

Mendel notò che, quando alcune delle sue piante di pisamo riprodotte dall'autofecondazione, la loro progenie mostrava sempre lo stesso tratto. In altre parole, erano veri e propri allevamenti. Ad esempio, alcune piante con baccelli gialli producevano solo prole con baccelli gialli. Quando incrociate con altre piante che allevavano vere per i baccelli gialli, queste piante producevano anche solo progenie con baccelli gialli. Allo stesso modo, Mendel osservò le piante di piselli che producevano solo prole con baccelli verdi.

A quel tempo, i tratti ereditati erano pensati per essere una certa miscela di caratteristiche parentali. Mendel invece osservò fenotipi discreti, come baccelli verdi e gialli. Egli ha proposto che, piuttosto che i tratti che si mescolano nella prole, i fattori discreti (ora noti come geni) sono ereditati dai genitori e rimangono separati nella prole. Nei casi in cui un tratto salta una generazione, Mendel propose che il tratto visibile mascherasse semplicemente la presenza dell'altro tratto ereditato. In altre parole, l'eredità è articolata, e tratti dominanti nascondono tratti recessivi. Per determinare quale tratto fosse dominante, Mendel condusse croci monoibride. Le croci monoibride combinano due organismi che si differenziano per un unico tratto. Tutti i figli di tali croci sono monoibridi, o eterozigoti, e mostrano il tratto dominante.

Ad esempio, Mendel incrociò piante di piselli che allevavano vere per i baccelli gialli con quelli che allevavano vere per i baccelli verdi per determinare il colore del baccello dominante. Questa generazione parentale (P0) ha prodotto prole, la prima generazione filiale (F1),che erano tutti monoibridi con baccelli verdi. Osservando ripetutamente queste scoperte, questi ottenuti indicavano i baccelli verdi come tratto dominante e dimostravano il principio di uniformità di Mendel: gli eterozigoti per un singolo tratto genetico mostrano lo stesso fenotipo.

<h4>Gli alleli dei genitori sono distribuiti casualmente ai Gameti</h4>

Mendel ha poi indotto l'autofecondazione negli impianti F1, producendo la generazione di F2. F2 piante di piselli con baccelli verdi in inferiorità numerica rispetto a quelle con baccelli gialli di un rapporto di 3:1. Mendel ha ripetutamente osservato questo modello di eredità 3:1 per ciascuna delle sette caratteristiche della pianta di pisone.

La legge di segregazione di Mendel spiega questo rapporto ricorrente. La legge di segregazione afferma che un organismo distribuisce una delle sue due copie genetiche ad ogni gamete (cellula o spermatozoi). È importante sottolineare che questa distribuzione è casuale, in modo tale che un eterozigote (Gg) è ugualmente probabile che produca gameti con alleli dominanti (G) e recessivi (g).

Se un eterozigote auto-fertilizza (Gg x Gg), gli alleli parentali possono combinarsi in quattro modi possibili: paterno G con materna G (GG), paterna G con materna g (Ggpaterna ), g con materna G (Gg), e paterna g con materna g (gg). Tre risultati producono baccelli verdi (genotipi GG e Gg) e uno produce baccelli gialli (genotipo gg), un rapporto 3:1. Pertanto, se tutti i risultati sono ugualmente probabili, gli eterozigoti autofertilizzanti produrranno tre prole con baccelli verdi per ognuno con baccelli gialli. Questo è notevolmente vicino al rapporto fenotipica che Mendel osservò, confermando la sua proposta di legge di segregazione.

<h4>I tratti dominanti non sono sempre comuni</h4>

A differenza dei baccelli verdi, i piselli verdi sono recessivi, mentre i piselli gialli sono dominanti. Perché, allora, i piselli che incontriamo regolarmente sono verdi? In breve, le persone preferiscono i piselli verdi rispetto a quelli gialli. Come dimostrano gli esperimenti di Mendel, gli omozigoti producono prole con lo stesso tratto, o fenotipo, quando si autofecondavano o si incrociavano con altri omozigoti. Se gli agricoltori continuano ad escludere i piselli gialli dalle loro croci di colture, continueranno a produrre solo piselli verdi. Questo esempio illustra un altro punto importante: i tratti dominanti non sono necessariamente i tratti più comuni. I tratti dominanti dannosi, ad esempio, possono essere selezionati.

Incroci monoibridi

Overview

In the 1850s and 1860s, Gregor Mendel investigated inheritance by performing monohybrid crosses in pea plants. He crossed two plants that were ...

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mendel’s pea plant inheritance ratios

Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study how traits are passed from parents to offspring. His breeding experiments in the 1850s and 1860s showed that inheritance follows clear patterns. He crossed true-breeding plants that differed in one trait and found that dominant traits can hide recessive traits.

Mendel focused on seven pea plant traits, and each trait had two forms controlled by a single gene locus. He noticed that true-breeding plants always produced offspring with the same phenotype, or visible trait. For example, plants with yellow pods produced yellow-pod offspring, and plants with green pods produced green-pod offspring. At a time when many people thought traits blended together, Mendel proposed that traits are inherited as separate units, now called genes.

To test which trait was dominant, Mendel performed monohybrid crosses. A monohybrid cross is a cross between two true-breeding organisms that differ in one trait. The offspring from these crosses are monohybrids, or heterozygotes, and they show the dominant trait. When Mendel crossed pea plants true-breeding for yellow pods with plants true-breeding for green pods, the first filial generation, or F1, all had green pods. These results supported the principle of uniformity, which says that heterozygotes for a single-gene trait have the same phenotype.

Mendel then let the F1 plants self-fertilize to produce the F2 generation. In this generation, green-pod plants outnumbered yellow-pod plants by about 3:1. Mendel saw this same pattern in each of the seven pea traits. He explained the ratio with the law of segregation, which states that an organism gives one of its two gene copies to each gamete, or egg or sperm cell. This distribution is random, so a heterozygote such as Gg makes gametes with either the G or g allele.

If two heterozygotes self-fertilize, as in Gg x Gg, their alleles can combine in four ways: GG, Gg, Gg, and gg. Three of these combinations produce green pods, and one produces yellow pods. That gives the expected 3:1 phenotype ratio seen in the F2 generation. Mendel’s results therefore supported his law of segregation.

Mendel’s pea work also showed that dominant traits are not always the most common traits. In peas, green pods are recessive and yellow pods are dominant, yet people often grow and eat green peas because they prefer them. If farmers keep choosing green peas for breeding, they will keep producing green pods. This example shows that a dominant trait can still be uncommon, and even harmful dominant traits may be selected against.

Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios

genetic lingo

Genotype, Phenotype, and Inheritance

Genotype, phenotype, and inheritance help explain how traits and disease risk are passed from parents to offspring. In diploid organisms, including humans, most other animals, and many plants, somatic cells carry a duplicate set of chromosomes. These chromosome pairs are homologous, with similar length, centromere position, and gene locations. Diploid organisms inherit two versions of each gene, one from each parent. These versions are called alleles, and they sit at the same relative locus,...

punnett squares

Punnett Squares for Predicting Traits

Punnett squares help predict which traits offspring may inherit from two parents. They show possible genotypes, which are pairs of alleles, and can also show the chance of a phenotype, or visible trait, when the inheritance pattern is known. These grids work best for traits controlled by a single gene locus and passed on independently during meiosis. Punnett squares were developed in the early 1900s by Reginald Punnett. His work came after Gregor Mendel’s pea plant experiments revealed the...

monohybrid crosses

Gregor Mendel used pea plants to study how traits are passed from parents to offspring. His breeding experiments in the 1850s and 1860s showed that inheritance follows clear patterns. He crossed true-breeding plants that differed in one trait and found that dominant traits can hide recessive traits. Mendel focused on seven pea plant traits, and each trait had two forms controlled by a single gene locus. He noticed that true-breeding plants always produced offspring with the same phenotype, or...

dihybrid crosses

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

Mendel’s law of independent assortment explains how two traits can be inherited separately. Gregor Mendel tested this idea with pea plants that differed in two characteristics, such as pea color and pea shape. He used true-breeding parents that were homozygous for both traits but showed different phenotypes. In one example, Mendel crossed round, yellow peas with wrinkled, green peas. The parental generation had RRYY and rryy genotypes. Their first-generation offspring were all dihybrids,...

law of segregation

Mendel’s Pea Cross Ratios

Mendel’s pea plant crosses show how traits can disappear in one generation and return in the next. When he crossed plants, one parental trait sometimes seemed to vanish in the F1 generation and reappear in the F2 generation. Mendel used this pattern to explain why some traits are dominant and others are recessive. He proposed that traits are controlled by alleles, which are different versions of a gene. An organism inherits two copies of each gene, one from each parent. In his model, a...

law of independent assortment

Mendel’s Dihybrid Cross and Trait Ratios

Mendel’s dihybrid cross shows how two traits are inherited at the same time. A dihybrid cross is a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits, and the F1 generation is heterozygous for both traits. Mendel used pea plants with round yellow peas and wrinkled green peas as an example. One parent had genotype YYRR, and the other had genotype yyrr. In the F1 generation, every plant showed the dominant traits, so the plants were YyRr and had yellow, round peas. The F2...

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Test crosses are used to identify the genotype of an organism with a dominant trait. A genotype is the pair of alleles inherited for a gene, and alleles are different forms of the same gene. In diploid organisms, including humans, each gene usually has two alleles, one from each parent. An allele is recessive when its effect is hidden by another allele at the same gene location. Pea plants provide a clear example with flower color. White flowers are recessive, because one copy of the purple...

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epistasis

Gene Masking in Rabbit Fur Color

Epistasis describes how one gene can mask or change the effect of another gene. In high school genetics, this helps explain why many traits do not follow a simple single-gene pattern. Instead, alleles at different locations can work together to shape the final phenotype. Mendel studied seven unrelated pea traits, but most traits involve multiple gene interactions. Epistasis often happens when one gene interferes with the expression of another gene. It can also occur when genes are part of the...

nature and nurture

Genes and Environment Shape Height

Genes and environment both shape human height and other traits. Genes are the inherited instructions we get from our parents. Environment includes factors such as diet, stress, and social conditions. Many phenotypes, or observable traits, reflect both influences. Some also show up later in life, including cancer and other diseases. Height is a clear example of this interaction. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of height variation comes from genetic differences among people. The remaining 10-30%...

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sex-linked disorders

X- and Y-Linked Disorder Patterns

X- and Y-linked disorders come from mutations in genes on the sex chromosomes. These genes, like those on autosomes, are needed for normal body function. When a mutation causes a biological problem, the condition is called sex-linked. Y-linked disorders come from changes in the Y chromosome. They affect only males, because only males carry a Y chromosome. Mutations in this small chromosome can affect male sexual function and secondary sex characteristics. One example is Y-chromosome...

x-linked traits

X-Linked Inheritance in Families

X-linked inheritance explains how traits on the X chromosome are passed through families. In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y. A mutation on one X chromosome may be masked in females by a normal allele on the other X. In males, that same mutation is more likely to show because there is no second normal X to balance it. Traits caused by changes on the X chromosome are called X-linked traits. Color blindness is a well-studied example.

x-inactivation

Barr Bodies and X-Chromosome Balance

Barr bodies and X-chromosome balance help explain how female mammalian cells control gene activity from the X chromosome. The human X chromosome carries far more genes than the Y chromosome. Because males usually have one X chromosome and females have two, females would make twice as many of some proteins without a control system. To prevent that imbalance, female mammalian cells inactivate nearly all the genes on one X chromosome during early embryonic development. The inactive X condenses...

non-nuclear inheritance

Maternal DNA in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Maternal DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts explains how some genes are inherited outside the nucleus. Most DNA is in the nucleus, but mitochondria and chloroplasts in the cell cytoplasm also carry their own DNA and can copy it independently of nuclear DNA. Mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells. They are called the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells because they break down glucose to make energy for cellular activity. Mitochondrial DNA has about 37 genes, and many help with...

chromosomal theory of inheritance

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Genes map to chromosomes, and this idea explains how Mendel’s inheritance patterns work. Gregor Mendel published his pea plant breeding results in 1866. He showed that physical traits follow predictable patterns. At the time, scientists did not yet know that genes existed. Mendel used the word "factors" for the hereditary units he studied. The details behind Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment were still unknown for many years. In the late 1800s, better microscopes and...

key terms and concepts

Learn how Mendel’s pea plant crosses revealed dominant and recessive traits, the 3:1 F2 ratio, and the laws of uniformity and segregation.

Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios | JoVE K12

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heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1

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Inheritance and Variation of Traits

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SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.1

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Mendel’s Pea Plant Inheritance Ratios

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