Name: carbohydrate breakdown in the digestive tract
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 57 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Carbohydrate Digestion

- [Istruttrice] La
digestione dei carboidrati

inizia in bocca durante la masticazione,

con numerose ghiandole
salivari che rilasciano enzimi,

come gli amilasi, che
scompongono gli amidi

in zuccheri più piccoli,
di e trisaccaridi.

Quando gli zuccheri
raggiungono lo stomaco,

non succede niente

perché l'amilasi è inattivata

in un ambiente così acido.

Come entrano nel duodeno,

i restanti carboidrati
complessi vengono digeriti

dall'enzima alfa-amilasi pancreatica.

Qui, nell'intestino, i di e trisaccaridi

sono ulteriormente
scomposti in monosaccaridi

da enzimi orletto a spazzola
dei micro villi intestinali.

Ad esempio, l'enzima saccrasio
scompone il disaccaride

saccarosio in glucosio e fruttosio.

Questi monosaccaridi vengono poi assorbiti

dall'epitelio intestinale
per il consumo di energia.

Hall, Mary Beth e David R. Mertens. "Una revisione di 100 anni: carboidrati: caratterizzazione, digestione e utilizzo". Journal of Dairy Science 100, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2017): 10078–93. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13311" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

Dhingra, Devinder, Mona Michael, Hradesh Rajput e R. T. Patil. "Fibra alimentare negli alimenti: una revisione". Journal of Food Science and Technology 49, n. 3 (giugno 2012): 255–66. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0365-5" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

digestione dei carbodrati

La digestione dei carboidrati e il metabolismo scompongolano i carboidrati semplici e complessi dal cibo in saccaridi (cioè gli zuccheri) per il corpo da utilizzare come energia. La digestione dei carboidrati inizia in bocca durante la masticazione o chewing. I carboidrati masticati rimangono intatti nello stomaco. La digestione riprende nel duodeno dell'intestino tenue, dove gli enzimi pancreatici alfa-amilasi e gli enzimi marginali dei microvilli a spazzola convertono carboidrati complessi in monosaccaridi. Infine, i monosaccaridi vengono assorbiti dall'epitelio intestinale per l'utilizzo di energia.

<h4>Tipi di carboidrati</h4>

Tre tipi di carboidrati di base si trovano nella dieta umana: carboidrati semplici, carboidrati complessi e fibre. I carboidrati semplici sono molecole monosaccaridi come glucosio, fruttosio e galattosio. I carboidrati complessi, d'altra parte, sono polisaccaridi composti da lunghe catene di glucosio. Infine, la fibra è un carboidrato che si trova nella cellulosa degli alimenti a base vegetale. Non può essere ripartito dal corpo per l'energia, ma svolge un ruolo vitale nella digestione sana aiutando il cibo ingerito a muoversi lungo il sistema digestivo.

Digestione dei carbodrati

Carbohydrate digestion and metabolism break down simple and complex carbohydrates from food into saccharides (i.e., sugars) for the body to use as energy. ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Human Biology

Biologia umana

Nutrition and Digestion

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

carbohydrate breakdown in the digestive tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further.

Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple sugar units are then absorbed by the intestinal epithelium for energy use.

The human diet includes three basic types of carbohydrates: simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates, and fiber. Simple carbohydrates are monosaccharides such as glucose, fructose, and galactose. Complex carbohydrates are polysaccharides, which are long chains of glucose. Fiber is found in the cellulose of plant-based foods. The body cannot break fiber down for energy, but it helps healthy digestion by moving food along the digestive system.

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

carbohydrate-breakdown-in-the-digestive-tract

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Follow how carbohydrates are broken down in the mouth and small intestine, then absorbed as sugars. Learn the roles of simple carbs, complex carbs, and fiber.

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract | JoVE K12

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Next Generation Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS-LS1-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.46

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New York State Science Learning Standards

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Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

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