Name: digestive hormones and stomach control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:25.000Z
Duration: 1 min 40 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Human Anatomy and Physiology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.HA.1.10

Hormonal Regulation

- [Istruttore] La digestione coinvolge

il sistema neuroendocrino con il cervello

che controlla e rilascia
ormoni della digestione

a periodi distinti durante il processo.

Nello stomaco, durante la fase gastrica,

quando vengono individuate le proteine,

le ghiandole rilasciano due
ormoni, la gastrina e l'istamina

che stimolano la produzione
di acido cloridrico

e aumentano i succhi gastrici

che scompongono il cibo in chimo.

L'arrivo del chimo nel duodeno

causa il rilascio di vari ormoni

che bloccano il processo
della digestione nello stomaco

e iniziano a regolare
il movimento del chimo

attraverso il resto del sistema.

Ad esempio, il peptide
inibitorio gastrico o GIP

rallenta la motilità dello stomaco.

Secretina e colecistochinina, o CCK,

inducono lo sfintere

tra lo stomaco e il duodeno a chiudersi,

limitando il rilascio di chimo.

La secretina inibisce anche la
produzione di succhi gastrici

e stimola il rilascio di
bicarbonati dal pancreas

per neutralizzare l'acidità del chimo

e il CCK stimola gli enzimi
della digestione dal pancreas

e la bile dalla cistifellea.

Infine, il peptide YY è un
ormone rilasciato dall'ileo

alla fine dell'intestino tenue e il colon.

Rallenta il movimento del
chimo nel colon perché

acqua e elettroliti si
possano assorbire prontamente.

Il peptide YY invia anche
il segnale 'sono pieno'

al cervello, per fermare
il processo del mangiare.

Ye, Lihua e Rodger A. Liddle. "Ormoni gastrointestinali e connettoma intestinale". Opinione attuale in endocrinologia, diabete e obesità 24, n. 1 (febbraio 2017): 9–14. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000299" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

Kairupan, Timothy Sean, Haruka Amitani, Kai-Chun Cheng, Joshua Runtuwene, Akihiro Asakawa e Akio Inui. "Ruolo degli ormoni gastrointestinali nel comportamento alimentare e nel trattamento dell'obesità". Journal of Gastroenterology 51, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2016): 93–103. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-015-1118-4" target="__blank">Sorgente</a>]

regolazione ormonale

Gli ormoni regolano una parte significativa della digestione attraverso l'attivazione del sistema neuroendocrino. Il sistema neuroendocrino di digestione contiene molti ormoni diversi tutti con molteplici funzioni che sono entrambi, direttamente e indirettamente, coinvolti nella digestione.

<h4>Il processo</h4>

A partire dallo stomaco, quando le proteine vengono rilevate dai neuroni sensoriali del sistema nervoso enterico, la ghiandola pilorica viene stimolata a rilasciare gastrina. A sua volta, Questo ormone induce il rilascio di istamina. Insieme, avviano la produzione di acido cloridrico che facilita la digestione, trasformando il cibo in chimo. Quando il pH dello stomaco diventa più acido, un ciclo di feedback negativo interrompe la produzione di entrambi gli ormoni.

Il chimo poi si sposta al duodenum, dove vengono rilasciati diversi ormoni, ognuno con più funzioni. Alcuni inibiscono la digestione nello stomaco. Il peptide inibitorio gastrico (GIP) rallenta il rimescolamento dello stomaco. Secretina inibisce la produzione di succo gastrico e, insieme alla colecistochnina (CCK), induce lo sfintere pilorico tra lo stomaco e il duodenum per chiudere. Questo limita il volume di chimo nel duodenum, stimolando il tasso di digestione.

Una volta che il chimo è nel duodenum, secretin richiede il rilascio di bicarbonato dal pancreas. Questo riduce l'acidità del chimo, proteggendo il rivestimento sensibile del duodenum e creando un ambiente ottimale in cui gli enzimi digestivi possono funzionare. Gli enzimi digestivi e la bile vengono rilasciati dal pancreas e dalla cistifellea quando stimolati dal CCK, permettendo alla digestione di continuare attraverso l'intestino tenue.

Alla fine dell'intestino tenue, nell'ileo, viene rilasciato un altro ormone: peptide YY (PYY) proprio come il chime sta passando nell'intestino crasso. Questo ormone viene rilasciato nel tempo, picco circa 1-2 ore dopo aver mangiato. La sua funzione è quella di rallentare il passaggio di chimo nell'intestino crasso in modo che acqua ed elettroliti possano essere assorbiti al massimo. Serve anche come un segnale di sazietà al cervello, indicando all'organismo di smettere di mangiare. PYY può svolgere un ruolo nell'obesità. Bassi livelli di PYY sono stati osservati in obesi rispetto a individui non obesi. Un analogo sintetico di PYY è oggetto di studio come possibile trattamento per l'obesità.

Regolazione ormonale

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Human Biology

Biologia umana

Nutrition and Digestion

Nutrizione e Digestione

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

digestive hormones and stomach control

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion.

In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the stomach becomes more acidic, a negative feedback loop stops both hormones.

After chyme enters the duodenum, several hormones are released. Gastric inhibitory peptide, or GIP, slows stomach churning. Secretin lowers gastric juice production and, together with cholecystokinin, or CCK, causes the pyloric sphincter to close between the stomach and duodenum. This limits how much chyme enters the duodenum and helps pace digestion.

Secretin also prompts the pancreas to release bicarbonate. Bicarbonate reduces the acidity of the chyme. This protects the lining of the duodenum and creates the right conditions for digestive enzymes to work. CCK also stimulates the pancreas and gallbladder to release digestive enzymes and bile, so digestion can continue through the small intestine.

Near the end of the small intestine, in the ileum, peptide YY, or PYY, is released as chyme moves toward the large intestine. PYY rises over time and peaks about 1 to 2 hours after eating. It slows chyme movement so water and electrolytes can be absorbed. It also sends a satiety signal to the brain, which helps tell the body to stop eating. Low PYY levels have been seen in obese compared with non-obese individuals, and a synthetic PYY analog is being studied as a possible obesity treatment.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

overview of human digestion

Saliva, Stomach Acid, and Gut Health

The human digestive system is monogastric, which means the stomach has one chamber for digestion. Several other animals also have monogastric digestive systems, including pigs, horses, dogs, and birds. This chapter focuses on the human digestive system. Saliva is a watery fluid released by the salivary glands into the mouth. It is about 99.5% water and also contains electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells, enzymes, and antimicrobial agents. The enzymes in saliva begin...

anatomy of the intestines

Small and Large Intestine Functions

The small and large intestines complete digestion and absorb nutrients, water, and electrolytes. They are two structurally distinct organs with different shapes and jobs. Together, they move food material from the stomach toward elimination. The small intestine is about 7 meters long and has an inner diameter of only 2.5 cm. Most nutrient absorption happens here, so its inner lining is highly folded and covered with villi, which are finger-like projections. Each villus contains hundreds of...

accessory organs

Digestive Glands and Enzymes

Digestive glands and accessory organs help break down food even though food does not pass through them. They add enzymes and other fluids to the digestive tract to support digestion. The salivary glands release saliva, a fluid that contains water, mucus, and amylase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that starts breaking down starches and other carbohydrates before food reaches the stomach. The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas also support digestion. They send their secretions into the duodenum,...

lipid digestion

Lipases and Bile in Fat Breakdown

Lipases and bile help the body break down lipids, which are large molecules that do not mix well with water. Because most digestive enzymes are water-based, lipids need special steps before the body can use them. Lingual lipase is an enzyme made by acinar cells in the sublingual gland. It is found in saliva, but it has only a small role in the mouth. Its best pH, or acidity level, is 3.5-6.0, so it becomes active after chewed food reaches the acidic stomach. Gastric lipase is another acidic...

protein digestion

Protein Breakdown and Amino Acid Use

Protein digestion starts in the stomach, where strong acid helps unfold protein structure and expose peptide bonds in polypeptide chains. Digestive enzymes then begin breaking those chains into smaller pieces that can be processed by the body. Pepsin is a protease, which means it is a protein-digesting enzyme. It is made in the stomach and works with chymotrypsin and trypsin, enzymes released in the small intestine. These enzymes cut specific links between amino acids and form shorter...

carbohydrate digestion

Carbohydrate Breakdown in the Digestive Tract

Carbohydrate digestion breaks food carbohydrates into saccharides, or sugars, that the body can use for energy. It begins in the mouth during mastication, which means chewing. The masticated carbohydrates then pass through the stomach without being broken down further. Digestion starts again in the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. There, pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush border enzymes on the microvilli help convert complex carbohydrates into monosaccharides. These simple...

neural regulation

Brain and Gut Control of Digestion

Brain and gut control digestion through a cephalic phase and the enteric nervous system. The cephalic phase begins when the brain sees or smells food. It sends impulses through cranial nerves to the salivary glands and stomach so the body is ready to eat. This first response is a conditioned, or learned, reaction to familiar foods. Appetite also changes the response. People may make more saliva and hear more stomach rumbling when they think about apple pie than broccoli. The hypothalamus and...

hormonal regulation

Digestive hormones control when the stomach makes acid and when food moves into the small intestine. They work with the neuroendocrine system, which links nerve signals and hormone release during digestion. In the stomach, proteins are detected by sensory neurons in the enteric nervous system. This stimulates the pyloric gland to release gastrin. Gastrin then helps trigger histamine release, and together they start hydrochloric acid production. The acid helps break food down into chyme. As the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how gastrin, secretin, CCK, GIP, and PYY control acid release, enzyme action, and satiety as food moves through the digestive tract.

Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core Biologia illustra i concetti chiave della biologia grazie a oltre 300 video-lezioni animate, concise e di facile comprensione. Inoltre, negli oltre 150 video di "scienziati in azione", i concetti scientifici vengono applicati e dimostrati da ricercatori attraverso esperimenti in laboratorio.

9-12.HA.1.10.b

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.46

myJoVE Corporation

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c. Construct an explanation of the role of neurotransmitters in the functions and behavior of the nervous system. Clarification: Discussion of classes of neurotransmitters is not required.

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d. Obtain, evaluate, and summarize scientific findings regarding the biological origin of emotions and memories in distinct regions of the brain. Examples: the role of the frontal lobe in emotional regulation, the regulation of fear response by the amygdala

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Digestive Hormones and Stomach Control

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