Name: catalytic rna: ribozymes in action
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:42.000Z
Duration: 2 min 47 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.2

Ribozymes

I ribozimi sono tipi speciali di RNA che possono agire come enzimi. I substrati per la maggior parte dei ribozimi naturali sono legami di fosfodiestere di RNA. L'unica eccezione nota è l'RNA ribosomiale 23s nel ribosoma batterico, che catalizza la formazione del legame peptidico.I ribozimi sono stati trovati in tutti i tipi di organismi, e sono simili alle proteine enzimatiche, poiché entrambi aumentano il tasso di reazioni. Molti ribozimi hanno bisogno di ioni metallici, come il magnesio, come cofattori per catalizzare le reazioni. Alcune classi di introni possono agire come ribozimi.Gli introni sono classificati in cinque classi distinte mRNA nucleare, tRNA nucleare, archaea, introni di gruppo I e di gruppo II.Gli introni dei gruppi I e II sono grandi ribozimi, lunghi centinaia di nucleotidi, e si trovano nei mitocondri fungini e vegetali, cloroplasti, batteriofagi e virus eucariotici. Possono fare auto-splicing senza l'aiuto di alcuna proteina. Mentre gli introni nucleari sono spliced dallo spliceosome, un complesso enzimatico contenente RNA e proteine, i ribozimi piccoli sono solitamente lunghi da 50 a 150 nucleotidi, e hanno motivi di sequenza nucleotidica auto-clivanti.Questi possono essere trovati in molti RNA virus di piante, così come il virus delta dell'epatite, un patogeno umano. Il processo di replicazione, in questi virus, produce RNA lungo che porta unità multiple del genoma virale, dove ogni unità porta un piccolo ribozima come la testa di un martello. Questi enzimi della testa di martello, regolarmente distanziati, subiscono un'auto-scissione con conseguente rottura dell'RNA lungo in segmenti di genoma individuali.La maggior parte dei ribozimi taglia la propria sequenza nucleotidica. Tuttavia, la ribonucleasi P può scindere altre molecole di RNA;la ribonucleasi P si trova in alcuni batteri e processa il tRNA precursore per generare un'estremità 5 primi matura. I ribozimi naturalmente disponibili sono noti per catalizzare una gamma ristretta di reazioni, 02:26.740, 00 00:02:30.010 come il trasferimento di fosforile in acidi nucleici e la formazione di legame peptidico nelle proteine.Gli scienziati hanno sintetizzato ribozimi artificiali in laboratorio, capaci di eseguire un'ampia gamma di reazioni, come formazione di legami carbonio-carbonio e reazioni di ossidazione-riduzione.

<ol>
	<li>Doherty, Elizabeth A. e Jennifer A. Doudna. "Strutture e meccanismi del ribozima". Rassegna annuale di biofisica e struttura biomolecolare 30, n. 1 (2001): 457-475.</li>
	<li>Weinberg, Christina E., Zasha Weinberg e Christian Hammann. "Nuovi ribozimi: scoperta, meccanismi catalitici e ricerca per comprendere la funzione biologica." Ricerca sugli acidi nucleici 47, n. 18 (2019): 9480-9494. </li>
	<li>Ferré-D'Amaré, Adrian R. e William G. Scott. "Piccoli ribozimi auto-scissi". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 2, n. 10 (2010): a003574.</li>
	<li>Tanner, N. Kyle. "Ribozimi: le caratteristiche e le proprietà degli RNA catalitici." FEMS Microbiology Reviews 23, n. 3 (1999): 257-275.</li>
</ol>

ribozimi

Il termine ribozima viene utilizzato per l'RNA che può agire come un enzima. I ribozimi si trovano principalmente in virus, batteri, organelli vegetali ed eucarioti inferiori selezionati. I ribozimi furono scoperti per la prima volta nel 1982 quando il laboratorio di Tom Cech osservò gli introni del gruppo I agire come enzimi. Ciò fu seguito a breve dalla scoperta di un altro ribozima, la Ribonulcease P, da parte del laboratorio di Sid Altman. Sia Cech che Altman hanno ricevuto il Premio Nobel per la chimica nel 1989 per il loro lavoro sui ribozimi.

I ribozimi possono essere classificati in due gruppi a seconda delle loro dimensioni: grandi e piccoli. I ribozimi di grandi dimensioni possono variare in dimensioni da poche centinaia a diverse migliaia di nucleotidi. Gli introni di tipo I e II e la ribonucleasi P batterica sono grandi ribozimi. I ribozimi piccoli sono lunghi da 30 a 150 nucleotidi. Si trovano in molti virus vegetali patogeni e nel virus dell'epatite delta (HDV), un agente patogeno umano. Hammerhead, hairpin, HDV e Varkud satellite sono tipi comuni di piccoli ribozimi. La maggior parte dei ribozimi grandi necessitano di ioni metallici, soprattutto Mg2+, per la loro attività, ma gli ioni metallici non sono necessari per la maggior parte dei ribozimi piccoli. Il ribozima glmS, nell'mRNA glmS, è un a-ribozima unico poiché agisce anche come riboswitch quando la glucosamina 6-fosfato è presente ad alte concentrazioni.

La maggior parte dei ribozimi presenti in natura catalizzano l'autoscissione rompendo i legami fosfodiesterici presenti nel proprio RNA. A differenza di un tipico enzima proteico, la maggior parte dei ribozimi esegue una reazione a turnover singolo perché, dopo l'autoscissione, non sono più attivi. Tuttavia, due ribozimi, la ribonulceasi P e l'RNA 23S nella subunità ribosomiale 50S, eseguono reazioni diverse. La ribonucleasi P batterica è un complesso RNA-proteina che ha attività endonucleasica e richiede ioni Mg2+. La sua componente RNA agisce sull'estremità 5' del tRNA prematuro per produrre l'estremità 5' matura. L'RNA 23S presente nel ribozima è diverso da tutti gli altri ribozimi naturali conosciuti poiché invece di reazioni di trasferimento del fosforile, effettua reazioni di formazione di legami peptidici durante la traduzione.

Poiché l’RNA può fungere da portatore di informazioni genetiche così come di enzimi, si ipotizza che in passato possa essere esistito un “mondo dell’RNA” in cui l’RNA ha svolto un ruolo importante nello sviluppo delle prime forme di vita. Tuttavia, con l'evoluzione delle forme di vita complesse, le proteine con venti aminoacidi potrebbero aver iniziato a fungere da enzimi e subentrare nelle numerose reazioni svolte dai ribozimi. Questa teoria è supportata dai ribozimi artificiali sviluppati in vitro che possono svolgere una miriade di reazioni come la formazione di legami ammidici, la formazione di legami glicosidici, la formazione di legami carbonio-carbonio e reazioni di ossido-riduzione.

Ribozimi

Il termine ribozima è usato per l'RNA che può agire come enzima. I ribozimi si trovano principalmente in virus, batteri, organelli vegetali selezionati e ...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia cellulare

Unit 1

Unità 1

Energy and Catalysis

Energia e Catalisi

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

catalytic rna: ribozymes in action

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can act as enzymes. They help speed up specific chemical reactions without being protein enzymes. This makes them an important example of RNA with more than one job in the cell.

Some ribozymes can cut RNA molecules, and others can join them together. This shows that RNA can do catalytic work as well as carry genetic information. Ribozymes are a key part of how scientists think about the many roles of RNA in biology.

One well-known ribozyme is ribonuclease P, or RNase P. It helps process precursor tRNA into mature tRNA by removing extra RNA at one end. This process is important because tRNA must be correctly trimmed before it can function in protein synthesis.

Catalytic RNA: Ribozymes in Action

the first law of thermodynamics

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the-equilibrium-binding-constant-and-binding-strength

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oxidation-and-reduction-of-organic-molecules

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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ribozymes

Ribozymes are RNA molecules that can act as enzymes. They help speed up specific chemical reactions without being protein enzymes. This makes them an important example of RNA with more than one job in the cell. Some ribozymes can cut RNA molecules, and others can join them together. This shows that RNA can do catalytic work as well as carry genetic information. Ribozymes are a key part of how scientists think about the many roles of RNA in biology. One well-known ribozyme is ribonuclease P,...

atp energy storage and release

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key terms and concepts

Explore ribozymes, RNA molecules that act as enzymes, cut or join RNA, and help process precursor tRNA into mature tRNA for protein synthesis.

Catalytic RNA: Ribozymes in Action | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.c

Florida Department of Education

High School

Life Science

SC.912.L.18

SC.912.L.18.4

SC.912.L.18.11

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.11

BIO.11.B

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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LS.Bio.1.1

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

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Background
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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

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LS.Bio.1.3

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Catalytic RNA: Ribozymes in Action

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