Name: feedback loops in body balance
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:43.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.1

Negative and Positive Feedback

Le funzioni biologiche come le vie metaboliche o le vie di segnalazione cellulare sono regolate da meccanismi di feedback, che comprendono cicli di feedback negativi e positivi.
Il feedback positivo si verifica quando il prodotto di un processo stimola un ulteriore aumento della sua produzione, portando a un aumento della risposta.
Il processo di coagulazione del sangue è uno degli esempi comuni di un ciclo di feedback positivo.
Un taglio nella parete dei vasi sanguigni agisce come uno stimolo che innesca i vasi e le piastrine vicine a rilasciare segnali chimici, attivando diversi fattori di coagulazione e attirando le piastrine nel sito della lesione, avviando un coagulo di sangue. Le piastrine secernono segnali chimici per attirare più piastrine nel sito fino a quando il coagulo in via di sviluppo sigilla completamente la ferita.
Un ciclo di feedback negativo si verifica quando il prodotto di una reazione riduce lo stimolo iniziale.
Ad esempio, quando i livelli di glucosio nel sangue aumentano, il pancreas rilascia insulina, che innesca l'assorbimento del glucosio da parte delle cellule del fegato, riducendo i livelli di glucosio nel sangue.
Una volta ripristinati i livelli di glucosio nel sangue, il pancreas interrompe la produzione di insulina.

feedback negativi e positivi

Gli organi e i sistemi di organi animali si adattano costantemente ai cambiamenti interni ed esterni attraverso un processo chiamato omeostasi ("stato stazionario"). Esempi di questi cambiamenti includono la regolazione del livello di glucosio o di calcio nel sangue o le risposte interne alle temperature esterne. L’omeostasi richiede il mantenimento di un equilibrio dinamico interno:

Dinamico perché si adatta costantemente ai cambiamenti che i sistemi del corpo incontrano. 
Equilibrio perché le funzioni del corpo sono mantenute entro intervalli specifici. Anche un animale apparentemente inattivo mantiene questo equilibrio omeostatico.

Processo omeostatico

L'obiettivo dell'omeostasi è il mantenimento dell'equilibrio attorno a un punto o valore chiamato set point. Sebbene vi siano normali fluttuazioni rispetto al punto di regolazione, i sistemi del corpo solitamente tentano di tornare a questo punto. Un cambiamento nell'ambiente interno o esterno è chiamato stimolo e viene rilevato da un recettore; la risposta del sistema è quella di adeguare il parametro di deviazione verso il set point.

Controllo dell'omeostasi

Quando si verifica un cambiamento al di fuori dell'ambiente di un animale, è necessario apportare un aggiustamento. Il recettore percepisce il cambiamento nell'ambiente, quindi invia un segnale al centro di controllo (nella maggior parte dei casi, il cervello) che a sua volta genera una risposta che viene segnalata a un effettore. L'effettore è un muscolo (che si contrae o si rilassa) o una ghiandola che secerne. Questi segnali e risposte sono controllati da circuiti di feedback autonomi inconsci. I circuiti di feedback negativi mantengono l’omeostasi. I circuiti di feedback positivi spingono l’organismo ulteriormente fuori dall’omeostasi, ma possono essere necessari per le funzioni vitali. Pertanto, l'omeostasi è controllata dai sistemi nervoso ed endocrino dei mammiferi.

Punto di riferimento

È possibile modificare il setpoint di un sistema. Quando ciò accade, il ciclo di feedback funziona per mantenere la nuova impostazione. Un esempio di ciò è la pressione sanguigna: nel tempo, il valore normale o impostato per la pressione sanguigna può aumentare a causa dei continui aumenti della pressione sanguigna. Il corpo non riconosce più l'elevazione come anormale e non viene effettuato alcun tentativo di tornare al punto di riferimento inferiore. Il risultato è un aumento regolare della pressione sanguigna che può danneggiare il corpo. I farmaci possono abbassare la pressione sanguigna e ridurre il punto di regolazione del sistema a un livello più salutare. Questo è noto come processo di alterazione del set point in un circuito di feedback.

È possibile apportare modifiche a un gruppo di sistemi di organi del corpo per mantenere un punto impostato in un altro sistema. Questo si chiama acclimatazione. Ciò si verifica, ad esempio, quando un animale migra ad un'altitudine superiore a quella a cui era originariamente abituato. Per adattarsi ai livelli di ossigeno più bassi ad un'altitudine più elevata, il corpo aumenta il numero di globuli rossi circolanti nel sangue per garantire un adeguato apporto di ossigeno ai tessuti. Come altro esempio di acclimatazione, alcuni animali presentano cambiamenti stagionali nel loro mantello: un mantello più pesante in inverno garantisce un'adeguata ritenzione del calore e un mantello più leggero in estate aiuta a mantenere la temperatura corporea dall'innalzamento a livelli dannosi.

Feedback negativi e positivi

Gli organi e i sistemi di organi animali si adattano costantemente ai cambiamenti interni ed esterni attraverso un processo chiamato omeostasi ("stato stazionario"). Esempi...

Education

Didattica

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia e Fisiologia

Unit 1

Unità 1

Introduction to the Human Body

Introduzione al corpo umano

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMINI E CONCETTI CHIAVE

feedback loops in body balance

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment.

Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift.

These control systems are important in many parts of biology. They help explain how the body responds to change and how certain processes stay balanced or move toward a clear outcome.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance

overview of anatomy and physiology

How Anatomy and Physiology Work Together

Human anatomy studies the structures of the body. Some body structures are so small that they can only be seen and examined with a microscope. Others are large enough to be viewed, handled, measured, and weighed. The word anatomy comes from a Greek root meaning “to cut apart.” Early study of the human body began with observing the outside of the body and the injuries seen in soldiers and other patients. Later, physicians were allowed to dissect dead bodies to learn more. Dissection means...

structural organization of the human body: an overview

structural-organization-of-the-human-body-an-overview

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

The human body is organized in levels that build from simple parts to a complete living being. These levels increase in complexity from subatomic particles, atoms, and molecules to organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. At the chemical level, scientists study the smallest building blocks of matter. Matter is made of elements, which are pure substances such as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron. The smallest unit of an element is an atom, and...

functions of life

How the Human Body Keeps Going

Human life depends on metabolism, movement, development, growth, and reproduction. These functions help the body stay alive, maintain itself, and continue the species. Together, they show how the body uses energy and changes over time. Metabolism is the body’s use of energy and food molecules. It helps the body make fuel for movement, support body functions, and build and maintain body structures. Metabolism includes two kinds of reactions: anabolism and catabolism. Anabolism is the process...

requirements for human life

Human Survival Needs in the Body

Human survival depends on air, water, food, a narrow temperature range, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure. The Earth and its atmosphere provide these conditions, but the body can only function well when they stay within limits. Oxygen is one of the most important needs. Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen supports the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that make ATP. Brain cells are especially sensitive to a lack of oxygen...

what is homeostasis?

Homeostasis and Negative Feedback

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable. The body does this by holding each physiological condition near a set point. A set point is the value around which the normal range changes, and the normal range is the small group of values that is healthiest and most stable. Human body temperature is a common example. Its set point is about 37°C, or 98.6°F, and it can shift a little above or below that point while still staying in range. Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis.

negative and positive feedback

Negative and positive feedback help keep body conditions stable. These feedback loops control many body processes and support homeostasis, which is the maintenance of a steady internal environment. Negative feedback reduces a change and brings a system back toward its normal state. Positive feedback increases a change and pushes a process further in the same direction. Together, they show how the body can fine-tune responses when conditions shift. These control systems are important in many...

homeostatic imbalance

How Feedback Failure Disrupts Homeostasis

Homeostasis keeps the body’s internal conditions stable so cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems can work properly. The body uses control systems to regulate temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance. These controls depend on feedback loops, which can be positive or negative. Homeostatic imbalance happens when those feedback loops fail and the body can no longer maintain a stable internal environment. Injury, disease, environmental changes, genetic mutations, and aging can...

anatomical terminology

Anatomical Terms and Body Position

Anatomical terms help describe the human body clearly in biology and medicine. Health care professionals and anatomists use this standard language to avoid confusion and to make descriptions more precise. Most anatomical words come from Greek and Latin roots, and these roots usually stay the same because the languages are rarely used in everyday conversation. Many anatomical words are built from a root plus a prefix or suffix. The root often names an organ, tissue, or condition. The prefix or...

anatomical positions

Body Positions Used in Anatomy

Body positions used in anatomy give a shared way to describe where body parts are and how they face. These standard references help people talk about anatomical structures with the same meaning. The anatomical position is the main reference point for body orientation. In anatomical position, the body stands upright and faces forward. The feet are parallel and flat on the floor. The arms rest at the sides with the palms facing forward, and the head and eyes point forward. The most common...

regional terms

Anatomy Regions and Body Landmark Terms

Anatomy regions and body landmark terms help identify specific parts of the human body. These regional terms divide the body into areas with structures that support similar functions. They also make it easier to describe the exact area affected by an injury or disease. The human body is organized into two major regions: the axial region and the appendicular region. The axial region includes the body from the head to the abdomen and forms the central body axis. The appendicular region includes...

directional terms

Anatomical Direction and Body Position

Anatomical direction and body position terms help describe where one body structure is located in relation to another. These terms use comparisons, such as one tissue being inferior to another or a tumor being superficial to a deeper structure. They are based on the standard anatomical reference position, which uses the body in an upright pose. Anterior and posterior are a common pair of directional terms. Anterior, also called ventral, means toward the front of the body. Posterior, also...

body planes

Anatomy Sections and Body Planes

Anatomy sections and body planes are imaginary flat surfaces used to divide the body for study. They help show the orientation, relationships, and spatial layout of anatomical structures. These reference planes are also useful for describing organs and body parts in a standard way. The sagittal plane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. When that cut goes through the middle and makes equal halves, it is called the midsagittal or median plane. When it makes unequal...

anatomical movements

Body Joint Motion Terms

Body joint motion terms describe how bones and muscles move at different joints. These standard names make it easier to talk about range of motion in the body. They are used to describe actions at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, fingers, toes, and spine. Flexion and extension are movements in the sagittal plane, also called the anterior-posterior plane. Flexion is the forward bending motion of the head or vertebral column. Extension is the backward movement or straightening of a joint,...

abdominal regions and quadrants

Abdominal Pain and Organ Location

The abdominal cavity is divided into quadrants and regions to help locate organs and describe pain clearly. Clinicians and anatomists use imaginary lines to mark the abdominopelvic cavity. This system makes it easier to communicate about a patient’s symptoms or a suspicious mass. The simpler method divides the area into four quadrants. One horizontal line and one vertical line cross at the umbilicus, or navel. These quadrants are the right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left upper...

key terms and concepts

Explore how negative and positive feedback help maintain body balance and homeostasis. Learn how these control loops change responses in biology.

Feedback Loops in Body Balance | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-3

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Human Anatomy and Physiology

Levels Of Organization

Homeostasis

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.a

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9L.1.2.1.1

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New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L1

HS.L1U1.20

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.4

Next Generation Science Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.5

BIO.5.C

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-3.

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-3.

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Feedback Loops in Body Balance

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