Name: planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle
Uploaded: 2025-06-12T09:20:11.000Z
Duration: 1 min 26 s
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I planctomiceti sono classificati in due ordini: Planctomycetales e Brocadiales.Questi batteri Gram-negativi presentano caratteristiche uniche. Si dividono per gemmazione. Alcuni hanno steli o appendici, mentre altri formano disposizioni cellulari simili a rosette. Alcune specie possiedono uno strato S nel loro involucro cellulare.Tutti i planctomiceti mostrano compartimenti intracellulari simili agli organelli eucariotici.Producono strutture specializzate note come pirellulosomi, che sono compartimenti non unitari racchiusi in una membrana contenente il nucleoide, i ribosomi e altri componenti citoplasmatici.Nel genere Gemmata, il nucleoide è ulteriormente racchiuso da invaginazioni della membrana cellulare, formando una struttura circondata da una vera e propria membrana unitaria.Il genere Isosphaera è un batterio filamentoso che si trova nelle sorgenti termali.Un ulteriore compartimento degno di nota, l'anammoxosoma, si trova nei membri dell'ordine Brocadiales, come Brocadia anammoxidans.L'anammoxosoma facilita l'ossidazione anaerobica dell'ammoniaca, una forma di chemiolitoautotrofia. L'intermedio tossico dell'idrazina di questa reazione è contenuto all'interno della sua membrana lipidica unica, proteggendo i componenti citoplasmatici.

phylum batterico: planctomycetes

Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes 

I Planctomycetes sono un gruppo di batteri morfologicamente distinti, classificati prevalentemente in due ordini: Planctomycetota e Brocadiales. Questi batteri Gram-negativi presentano caratteristiche uniche, tra cui la divisione per gemmazione e la presenza di peduncoli o appendici. Le loro cellule si trovano spesso disposte in rosette e si distinguono per la presenza di uno strato S (S-layer) nell&#8217;involucro cellulare, caratteristica relativamente rara tra i batteri. Inoltre, i Planctomycetes mostrano frequentemente compartimentazioni intracellulari che ricordano gli organelli eucariotici.
Sebbene i procarioti e gli eucarioti si distinguano tipicamente per la loro struttura cellulare, i Planctomycetes mettono in discussione questa dicotomia dimostrando una compartimentazione cellulare. Le cellule eucariotiche possiedono un nucleo delimitato da una membrana, mentre il DNA procariotico &#232; compattato in un nucleoide all&#8217;interno del citoplasma. Tuttavia, i Planctomycetota formano delle strutture specializzate chiamate pirellulosomi, compartimenti non delimitati da una vera membrana, contenenti il nucleoide, i ribosomi e altri componenti citoplasmatici.
Il ciclo vitale di un Planctomycetota comporta la gemmazione. Le cellule mobili di tipo swarmer si attaccano a una superficie, sviluppano un peduncolo nel punto di attacco e producono una nuova cellula all&#8217;estremit&#224; opposta tramite gemmazione. Questa cellula figlia sviluppa poi un flagello, si separa dalla cellula madre e inizia un nuovo ciclo. Dal punto di vista fisiologico, le specie di Planctomycetes sono aerobi facoltativi capaci di crescere mediante respirazione o fermentazione degli zuccheri. Abitano ambienti acquatici vari, inclusi gli ecosistemi di acqua dolce e marina. Il genere Isosphaera, un parente dei Planctomycetes, &#232; un batterio filamentoso e strisciante rinvenuto nelle sorgenti termali. L&#8217;isolamento dei Planctomycetes e dei suoi parenti richiede tipicamente terreni a basso contenuto nutritivo.
In alcuni generi, come in quello dei Gemmata, il nucleoide &#232; ulteriormente racchiuso da invaginazioni della membrana cellulare, formando una struttura circondata da una vera membrana unitaria. Nonostante questa complessit&#224; strutturale, il DNA rimane in uno stato covalentemente chiuso, circolare e superavvolto, tipico dei genomi batterici.
Un ulteriore compartimento di rilievo, l&#8217;anammoxosoma, si trova nei membri dell&#8217;ordine Brocadiales, come Brocadia anammoxidans. Questa struttura facilita l&#8217;ossidazione anaerobica dell&#8217;ammoniaca ed &#232; protetta da una membrana lipidica unica che previene i danni causati da intermedi tossici generati durante questo processo metabolico.
I Planctomycetes sono uno dei generi pi&#249; studiati all&#8217;interno del phylum. Similmente al batterio peduncolato Caulobacter, i Planctomycetes presentano un peduncolo, ma la sua struttura &#232; composta unicamente da proteine, priva di parete cellulare o citoplasma. Il peduncolo ha principalmente funzione di ancoraggio e risulta pi&#249; sottile rispetto al peduncolo prostecale dei Caulobacter.

Phylum Batterico: Planctomycetes

I Planctomycetes sono un gruppo di batteri morfologicamente distinti, classificati prevalentemente in due ordini: Planctomycetota e Brocadiales. Questi ...

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planctomycetes cell structure and life cycle

Planctomycetes are a group of gram-negative bacteria known for unusual cell structures and a distinctive life cycle. They are mainly placed in two orders, Planctomycetales and Brocadiales. Many cells show stalks or other appendages and often appear in rosette groups.

A key feature of these bacteria is their cell envelope. Planctomycetes have an S-layer, a surface layer that is relatively uncommon in bacteria. They also divide by budding, which is different from the simple cell split seen in many other bacteria.

Planctomycetes are also known for internal compartments that resemble parts of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, while prokaryotes usually keep DNA in a nucleoid in the cytoplasm. In Planctomycetes, special compartments called pirellulosomes contain the nucleoid, ribosomes, and other cytoplasmic material.

The life cycle of Planctomyces begins with a motile swarmer cell attaching to a surface. A stalk forms at the attachment site, and a new cell then develops at the opposite pole by budding. The daughter cell grows a flagellum, leaves the mother cell, and starts the cycle again. Planctomyces species are facultative aerobes, so they can grow by respiration or by fermenting sugars, and they live in freshwater and marine environments. Low-nutrient media are usually needed to isolate Planctomyces and its relatives.

Some related bacteria show even more unusual structures. Isosphaera is a filamentous, gliding bacterium found in hot springs. In Gemmata, the nucleoid is further surrounded by membrane invaginations, so it has a true unit membrane around it. Even so, the DNA remains a covalently closed, circular, and supercoiled bacterial genome.

Members of Brocadiales include Brocadia anammoxidans, which has an anammoxosome. This compartment supports anaerobic oxidation of ammonia and is protected by a special lipid membrane that helps block toxic intermediates made during the process. Planctomyces is one of the best-studied genera in the phylum. It has a stalk like Caulobacter, but the Planctomyces stalk is made of protein only and does not contain cell wall or cytoplasm. Its main role is attachment, and it is thinner than the prosthecal stalk of Caulobacter.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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key terms and concepts

Explore Planctomycetes cell structure, budding division, stalks, and unique compartments like pirellulosomes and anammoxosomes in this high school biology video.

Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

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Planctomycetes Cell Structure and Life Cycle

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