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Please note that some of the translations on this page are AI generated. Click here for the English version.
The confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that confirms our existing beliefs and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. For example, if you think that your professor is not very nice, you notice all of the instances of rude behavior exhibited by the professor while ignoring the countless pleasant interactions he is involved in on a daily basis. Have you ever fallen prey to the confirmation bias, either as the source or target of such bias?
Another Example of Social Stereotypes
If an employer expects an openly gay male job applicant to be incompetent, the potential employer might treat the applicant negatively during the interview by engaging in less conversation, making little eye contact, and generally behaving coldly toward the applicant (Hebl, Foster, Mannix, & Dovidio, 2002). In turn, the job applicant will perceive that the potential employer dislikes him, and he will respond by giving shorter responses to interview questions, making less eye contact, and generally disengaging from the interview. After the interview, the employer will reflect on the applicant’s behavior, which seemed cold and distant, and the employer will conclude, based on the applicant’s poor performance during the interview, that the applicant was in fact incompetent. Thus, the employer’s stereotype—gay men are incompetent and do not make good employees—is reinforced. Do you think this job applicant is likely to be hired? Treating individuals according to stereotypic beliefs can lead to prejudice and discrimination.
In this scenario, can you pick out the confirmation bias? The employer may not have noticed that the job applicant was friendly and engaging, and that he provided competent responses to the interview questions in the beginning of the interview. Instead, the employer focused on the job applicant’s performance in the later part of the interview, after the applicant changed his demeanor and behavior to match the interviewer’s negative treatment.
This text is adapted from OpenStax, Psychology. OpenStax CNX.
Quando ci si avvicina a una proposta, come "Fare colazione migliora i punteggi degli esami", qualcuno potrebbe pensare che indagherà obiettivamente sull'argomento.
Tuttavia, mentre cercano prove, è chiaro a un estraneo che stanno prestando attenzione in modo selettivo a pezzi che supportano i loro preconcetti. Non hanno accumulato alcun dato per sostenere ipotesi alternative di sorta.
Di conseguenza, questo tipo di ricerca può falsamente convalidare le loro convinzioni prevalenti, senza alcuna intenzione o consapevolezza di essere fuorvianti.
In questo caso, l'individuo è caduto preda del bias di conferma, la tendenza a cercare o interpretare le informazioni in un modo che confermi una convinzione esistente.
In una situazione diversa, qualcun altro potrebbe essere particolarmente motivato a difendere un'idea: vuole che i suoi preconcetti siano veri. Dopotutto, hanno rimosso gli elementi associati alle loro precedenti abitudini alimentari e si sono convertiti a una dieta vegana, che, nella loro mente, migliorerà il loro sonno.
Di conseguenza, possono deliberatamente sminuire o ignorare le informazioni che contraddicono le loro preferenze... interpretare una storia per rafforzare la loro opinione personale... o persino porre domande che inducono a risposte specifiche. Ancora una volta, questo esempio descrive un'altra vittima del bias di conferma.
Per testare a fondo i punti di vista, le persone dovrebbero esplorare entrambi i lati – prove a favore e contro le loro prospettive – prima di stabilire conclusioni.
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