17.2
Vescicole rivestite con COP
Strutture racchiuse in una membrana chiamate vescicole trasportano proteine e lipidi attraverso la cellula. Le vescicole derivano il loro carico dalla…
Le vescicole rivestite sono vescicole di trasporto che si staccano da regioni specializzate della membrana cellulare. Specifiche proteine del rivestimento ricoprono la loro superficie citosolica.
In base al tipo di rivestimento proteico, queste vescicole possono essere di tre tipi: vescicole rivestite di proteine del rivestimento o rivestite di COP, COPI e COPII e vescicole rivestite di clatrina.
Le vescicole COPI trasportano molecole tra le diverse parti del corpo del Golgi e dal Golgi al reticolo endoplasmatico grezzo.
Le vescicole COPII si formano nelle membrane dell'ER e mediano il trasporto dall'ER al Golgi.
Le vescicole COPI e COPII sono composte da complessi proteici di rivestimento simili chiamati coatomeri. Questi piegano la membrana per formare una gemma che viene rilasciata dalla membrana donatrice come vescicola.
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Q1: What are COP-coated vesicles and how do they differ from other coated vesicles?
COP-coated vesicles are transport carriers with protein coats that bud from cell membranes. Two types exist: COPI and COPII, composed of similar coatomer protein complexes. Unlike clathrin-coated vesicles, COP vesicles mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and Golgi, with COPI handling intra-Golgi and retrograde transport, while COPII mediates anterograde ER-to-Golgi transport.
Q2: How do COPI and COPII vesicles differ in their transport functions?
COPII vesicles form at ER membranes and transport cargo from the ER to the Golgi, carrying enzymes and membrane proteins involved in biosynthetic pathways. COPI vesicles transport molecules between Golgi cisternae and mediate retrograde transport from the Golgi back to the rough ER, maintaining dynamic protein distribution between these compartments.
Q3: What role do coat proteins play in vesicle formation?
Coat proteins assemble on donor membranes to initiate vesicle formation and help sort cargo. COPI and COPII coats contain seven core coatomer units including α-COP, β-COP, and γ-COP. These proteins bend the membrane to form a bud that is released as a vesicle, with coat assembly and gtpases driving the process.
Q4: What cargo do COPII-coated vesicles transport from the ER?
COPII-coated vesicles select and transport enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathways, membrane proteins required for docking and fusion with target compartments, and membrane proteins that bind soluble cargo. These vesicles concentrate and package proteins with specific exit signals for export from the ER.
Q5: What are the two proposed models for COPII vesicle transport?
The bulk flow transport model proposes that ER-resident proteins use C-terminal signal sequences for retention and recycling. The selective transport model suggests proteins with specific exit signals are concentrated and packaged for export. Evidence indicates COPII transport likely involves a combination of both mechanisms rather than one exclusively.
Q6: How do coated vesicles maintain protein distribution between the ER and Golgi?
Different classes of coat proteins, including COPI and COPII, mediate bidirectional transport that maintains dynamic protein distribution. COPII vesicles transport proteins forward from ER to Golgi, while COPI vesicles recycle proteins backward from Golgi to ER, creating a balanced system of anterograde and retrograde transport.
Q7: What structural features do COP coat proteins share with clathrin?
COPI and COPII coat proteins share similar structural features with clathrin, though they differ in cargo sorting and vesicle formation mechanisms. All three coat protein classes form spherical, protein-coated carriers with 50-100 nm diameter that mediate transport across the cell, but employ distinct molecular strategies for cargo selection.