Cotton rats are extremely excitable and have a strong flight-or-fight response. A handling method optimized to reduce the stress of the animals is described which will make cotton rats more accessible as a preclinical model.
Oncolytic viruses are a novel anticancer therapy with the ability to target tumor cells, while leaving healthy cells intact. For this strategy to be successful, recent studies have shown that involvement of the host immune system is essential. Therefore, oncolytic virotherapy should be evaluated within the context of an immunocompetent model. Furthermore, the study of antitumor therapies in tolerized animal models may better recapitulate results seen in clinical trials. Cotton rats, commonly used to study respiratory viruses, are an attractive model to study oncolytic virotherapy as syngeneic models of mammary carcinoma and osteosarcoma are well established. However, there is a lack of published information on the proper handling procedure for these highly excitable rodents. The handling and capture approach outlined minimizes animal stress to facilitate experimentation. This technique hinges upon the ability of the researcher to keep calm during handling and perform procedures in a timely fashion. Finally, we describe how to prepare cotton rat mammary tumor cells for consistent subcutaneous tumor formation, and how to perform intratumoral and intraperitoneal injections. These methods can be applied to a wide range of studies furthering the development of the cotton rat as a relevant pre-clinical model to study antitumor therapy.
Virus oncolitici (OV) replicano selettivamente nelle cellule tumorali sfruttando differenze biochimiche tra cellule normali e tumorali 1,2. Ci sono due tipi di VU: quelli che non necessitano di una mutazione per raggiungere oncolisi selettivo, denominato naturalmente allo wild-type virus e quelli che devono essere progettati per ottenere oncolisi selettiva. La collezione di mutazioni all'interno di un determinato tipo di tumore determina la natura del vantaggio di crescita selettiva su cellule normali per OV 2. La sicurezza e vantaggio di utilizzare VU è stata dimostrata in studi clinici 3-7. Nonostante i progressi nel campo della viroterapia oncolytic esistono spazi vuoti tra i risultati pre-clinici e clinici, suggerendo che i modelli migliori sono necessari per valutare l'efficacia antitumorale di VU.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) è un membro della famiglia Herpesviridae, e Alphaherpesviridae sottofamiglia. BHV-1 initiAtes bovina complesso malattie respiratorie nei bovini, manifestando in una grande varietà di sintomi che assomiglia ad un brutto raffreddore 8,9. BHV-1 si lega fissaggio e ingresso recettori utilizzati da HSV-1, come eparan solfato e nectin-1 10. Tuttavia, si lega CD155 nel luogo di nectin-2 10. BHV-1 ha una gamma di ospiti molto ristretta tale che sia in grado di entrare e avviare la replica in cellule murine normali e trasformate 3,4,10 efficiente. Questo rende l'uso di modelli murini convenzionali problematico. La capacità di oncolytic BHV-1 è stata dimostrata in vitro 11,12. BHV-1 ha dimostrato di avviare la replica e uccidere le cellule tumorali umane da una varietà di origini istologici, comprese le cellule del cancro al seno e il cancro al seno avvio cellule 11,12. Tuttavia, la capacità antitumorale di BHV-1 deve essere valutata in vivo nel contesto di un ospite immunocompetente.
Adenovirus umano (Ad), per il qualeci sono 57 sierotipi identificati, più comunemente provoca malattie respiratorie negli esseri umani. Ad vettori oncolitici sono stati valutati per la loro efficacia antitumorale con diversi avanzare in studi clinici 13-15. Nonostante i dati pre-clinici promettenti, i risultati clinici sono stati inferiori alle aspettative. Modelli xenotrapianto di tumori umani sono in genere utilizzati per studiare l'efficacia antitumorale di vettori Ad, anche se esibiscono attenuate le risposte immunitarie al virus 16,17. Inoltre, i modelli murini singenici sono non-permissive all'infezione annuncio, rendendo la valutazione della risposta immunitaria con questi modelli impraticabile 17,18.
Il sistema immunitario dell'ospite è stato identificato come il meccanismo più influente attraverso il quale VU suscitano tumorali morte cellulare 19. Risposte antitumorali tra tolleranti e l'antigene associato al tumore non-tolleranti (TAA) modelli differiscono e possono influenzare notevolmente il successo della terapia OV. L'HSV-1 OV KM100 (ICP0 N212VP16 nel 1814 20) 20,21 suscitato regressione del tumore nel 80% dei topi portatori di tumore in un murino antigene Polyoma Medio T modello di cancro mammario 22. Tuttavia, in HER-2 modelli / neu, l'efficacia antitumorale di KM100 variava tra il 20% completa regressione nei topi singenici e tumore stasi transgenici, topi HER2-tolleranti. Insieme, questi dati evidenziano l'importanza di valutare pienamente VU utilizzando modelli animali che meglio ricapitolano il paesaggio immunitario umano per comprendere appieno le caratteristiche che determinano il successo terapeutico.
Il ratto di cotone (Sigmodon hispidus), indigeni del Nord e Sud America, è più comunemente usato come modello di infezione da virus respiratorio sinciziale (come rivisto in 5). Ratti di cotone sono utilizzati anche in-BHV-1 contro la ricerca di vaccinazione come ricapitolano la patologia associata a malattia respiratoria bovina complessa 6,23. Inoltre, BHV-1 infezione di ratti di cotoneè immunogenico, inducendo mucosa sostenuta e risposte immunitarie sistemiche 6,23-25. Le linee cellulari sono stati derivati da fibrosarcoma spontanea e osteosarcomi della ghiandola mammaria (LCRT) e ossa (CCRT e VCRT), rispettivamente, 26. Cotone ratti sono stati utilizzati per valutare l'efficacia in vivo di vettori Ad oncolytic come sono suscettibili all'infezione annuncio ed esporre patologia simile all'uomo 27-29. L'uso di modelli immunocompromessi per la valutazione pre-clinica di VU non sono solo meno indicativo di risposte cliniche alla terapia ma non tengono conto del ruolo del sistema immunitario in viroterapia oncolitica 30,31. Pertanto, la singenici e modelli tumorali cotone ratto-tolleranti di carcinoma mammario e osteosarcoma sono modelli pertinenti a cui valutare l'efficacia pre-clinica di VU, quali BHV-1 e Ad che non può essere studiata utilizzando modelli murini convenzionali.
NOTA: I protocolli utilizzati sono stati approvati dal nostro istituzionale Animal Research Ethics Consiglio della McMaster University in base al Canadian sugli orientamenti per la cura degli animali. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti presso l'impianto di McMaster University Central Animal.
1. Le celle Culturing LCRT
2. Valutare la replicazione del virus e citotossicità in cellule LCRT
3. Housing and Handling
4. Acquisizione e Anestesia
5. Preparazione di cellule LCRT per sottocutaneo Tumor Formazione
NOTA: Un pallone T-150 LCRT (90% di confluenza) produce circa 2 x 10 7 cellule. Basate il numero di T-150 flaconi necessari sul numero totale di cellule necessarie. Seme flaconi supplementari per garantire il numero totale di cellule viene ottenuta e per ospitare cellule perse durante la preparazione e quelli necessari per iniezioni supplementari. Mantenere le cellule in ghiaccio ogniqualvolta possibile prolungare la vitalità cellulare.
6. Iniezioni
NOTA: Eseguire le procedure con due ricercatori, uno per eseguire le iniezioni, mentre gli altri monitor frequenza respiratoria dell'animale e la condizione generale, mentre sotto anestesia. Utilizzare siringhe da insulina (29 G x 1/2 ', 0,3 ml) per tutte le iniezioni e un nuovo ago perogni animale.
7. Tumore escissione e Necropsy
Cotton rats are highly excitable and have a strong flight response. Therefore, special care should be taken to minimize any undue stress on the animal. The cage setup described will allow for safe and easy capture of the animals, with the placement of the enrichment tube being of the utmost importance. When setting up cages, ensure that the enrichment tubes meet the size and shape requirements, and are placed in proper orientation in the cage. It is also important to ensure that any technicians who might be aiding in animal maintenance are informed of the specific requirements for housing. Taking these precautions will reduce agitation of the animal prior to performing procedures. It is also advisable that procedures be performed in the morning, before any handling by technicians or animal facility staff. Commencing procedures with calm animals will aid in their capture and handling.
The use of nestlets is highly recommended. In the wild, these rodents make their nests out of cotton so they are more comfortable when given the option to build them in their cages. A nest can also aid in animal capture, such that the presence of the animal in the enrichment tube may no longer be required. In this case, the plastic container may be placed directly on top of the animal from above. This action is of particular use as an experiment progresses as the rats may adapt to avoid the traditional capture method.
When handling cotton rats it is of the utmost importance that the researcher remain calm and make deliberate movements. These animals can sense unease and will respond to the perceived emotional state of the handler. Wearing thick leather gloves, following the procedures as described and approaching them calmly and with confidence will protect from bite injuries.
There are conflicting reports in the literature regarding the response of cotton rats to anesthetics 26,32. Sedation of cotton rats for extended periods of time using isoflurane is not recommended 32. We have found that, with careful monitoring, animals can be sedated using isoflurane for approximately 15-20 minutes without adverse effects. In our experience the rats respond rapidly to isoflurane and are fully sedated within several minutes. Likewise, waking occurs in less than a minute in most cases. However, anesthetizing an animal under intense stress alters their response to isoflurane, such that during waking they experience a lack of hind limb motor control and will stumble around the cage. This effect does not appear to have any lasting impact as the animal can execute proper motor control within several minutes of recovery.
When preparing the LCRT cells for tumor injections, it is imperative that the cells be kept on ice whenever possible to prolong viability. Mix the cells with a large bore pipet to avoid shearing the cells. Furthermore, to ensure that all tumors grow at a similar rate we recommend staggering the preparation of multiple cell suspensions when more than five animals are being injected. This will avoid slower growth of tumors in animals injected last due to decreased viability of the LCRT cells.
Excising the tumor tissue from the skin using a scalpel better maintains the tumor architecture and vasculature for histology in comparison to using tweezers to pinch the tumor from the skin. Although perfusion with phenobarbital will best preserve tissues for histopathology, obtaining a license for barbiturates was a limiting factor and was not performed. Thus, necropsies were performed immediately following euthanasia to preserve tissues. In our experience, this allowed for an accurate assessment of the pathology associated with our treatment.
Overall, the major limiting factor is the requirement for two researchers for handling procedures. Although the procedures can be performed by one handler, the process is greatly facilitated, and the stress of the animals significantly reduced, using two handlers. These procedures require practice and careful planning. Allow sufficient time to carry out methods calmly and deliberately. There exists significant stigma about the aggressive nature of these animals and the difficulty in their handling. This article serves to make these animals more accessible to researchers by detailing a simple, established handling method that effectively minimizes stress and injury to both the researcher and the animals. Using the methods we have described, cotton rats represent an excellent animal model for the study of many immune therapies, including oncolytic virotherapy.
The authors have nothing to disclose.
Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium | Gibco | 11965-092 | May use any brand |
1X Phosphate Buffered Saline | Can prepare in lab, filter to sterilize | ||
200 mM L-glutamine | Gibco | 25030164 | May use any brand |
100x Antibiotic-Antimycotic | Gibco | 15240-062 | May use any brand |
Fetal bovine serum | Quality Biological Inc. | 110-001-101HI | May use any brand |
T-150cm<sup>2</sup> tissue culture flask | Fisher Scientific | 14-826-80 | May use any brand |
1X TypLE Express | Life Technologies | 12604-013 | |
12-well cell culture plate, flat bottom | Fisher Scientific | 08-772-29 | May use any brand, must be tissue culture treated |
alamarBlue | Life Technologies | DAL1025 | May use an alternative reagent for determination of cell viability |
8640 Teklad 22/5 Rodent diet | Harlan | 8640 | |
1/8” corncob rodent bedding | Harlan | 7092 | |
Nestlets | Ancare | – | Made of pulped virgin cotton fiber, dust-free and autoclavable |
50 mL Conical tubes | Fisher Scientific | 14-432-22 | May use any brand, must be sterile |
Isoflurane USP, 99.9 %, inhalation anesthetic | Pharmaceutical Partners of Canada Inc. | M60302 | |
70% Ethanol | Can prepare in lab | ||
10 % Neutral Buffered Formalin | Sigma-Aldrich | HT501128 | May use any brand |
NAPCO NapFlow 1200 Class II A/B3 Biosafety Microbiological Safety Cabinet (cell culture hood) | NAPCO | Model used not currently available | May use any brand |
Thermo Fisher Scientific Precision Heated Water Bath | Fisher Scientific | Model used not currently available | May use any brand |
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Reichert Bright-line Hemacytometer | Sigma-Aldrich | Z359629 | May use any brand |
Typhoon Trio BioAnalyzer | GE Healthcare Life Sciences | Model used not currently available | May use any fluorescence plate reader |
Tecan Safire<sup>2</sup> Multi-detection Microplate Reader | Tecan | Model used not currently available | May use any fluorescence plate reader |
Allegra 6R benchtop centrifuge | Beckman Coulter | 366816 | May use any brand |
Table Top Anaesthesia machine | VetEquip | Model used not currently available | May use any brand, must be portable |
Wahl Peanut Mini Clippers | Wahl | May use any brand of small clippers | |
Insulin syringes 29 G x 1/2', 0.3 mL | BD | 329464 | May use any brand. Insulin syringes are recommended as they make injections easier through the rat’s tough skin. |
Cotton swabs | MedPro | 018-425 | May use any brand |
Sharp-Pointed Dissecting Scissors | Fisher Scientific | 8940 | May use any brand |
Dissecting Tissue Forceps | Fisher Scientific | 13-812-41 | May use any brand |